Balances on Nonreactive Processes

Ch E to edit Master subtitle style Click 201 Material and Energy Balances

C a l c u l a t i o n o f

State Property Calculations

S i n c e s t a t e p r

Hypothetical Process Paths

Hypothetical Process Paths

1.

P Energy e r f o r m a l l r e

Balance Calculation Procedure

4.

C Energy o n s t r u c t a t a

Balance Calculation Procedure

6.

C Energy a l c u l a t e :

Balance Calculation Procedure

o p e n

7.

C Energy a l c u l a t e a n y

Balance Calculation Procedure

P a r t i a l c o n d e n

Condenser Energy Balance

3.

C h Condenser o o s e r e f e r e n

Energy Balance

4.

C o Condenser n s t r u c t i n l e

Energy Balance

5.

C a Condenser l c u l a t e u n k n

Energy Balance

y Condenser p o t h e t i c a l p

Energy Balance

y Condenser p o t h e t i c a l p

Energy Balance

y Condenser p o t h e t i c a l p

Energy Balance

y Condenser p o t h e t i c a l p

Energy Balance

Condenser Energy Balance

C h a n g e i n

y Condenser p o t h e t i c a l p

Energy Balance

y Condenser p o t h e t i c a l p

Energy Balance

5.

C a Condenser l c u l a t e u n k n

Energy Balance

35.7 1.16

32.0 -0.10

6.

C a Condenser l c u l a t e

Energy Balance

35.7 1.16

32.0 -0.10

7.

C a Condenser l c u l a t e n o n z

Energy Balance

I t h a s b e e n o b s e

Changes in P at Constant T

S e n s i b l e h e a t

Changes in T at constant P

T h e s l o p e o f t

Changes in T at constant P

Changes in T at constant P

exact for an ideal gas good approximation for a solid or liquid valid for nonideal gas only if V is constant

C a l c u l a t e Q r e

Changes in T at constant P

C o n s i d e r t h e e

Changes in T at constant P

i n i t i a l s t a t e

Hypothetical Path

H e a t c a p a c i t y

Heat Capacity Formulas

A s s u m i n g i d e a l

Cooling of an Ideal Gas

1.

N 2 f l o w i n g a t

Cooling of an Ideal Gas

Cooling of an Ideal Gas

2.

N2 in 5 L flask initially 3 bar, cooled from 90 to 30C

get CP for N2 from Table B.2, subtract R to get CV

calculate internal energy change

K o Estimate Heat Capacity of a Pure Substance p p s R u l e i s

R u l e 1 F o r a

Estimate Heat Capacities of Mixtures

F o r h e a t i n g / c o

Energy Balance: SinglePhase System

Energy Balance: Gas Preheater

A s s u m e i d e a

Energy Balance: Gas Preheater

Energy Balance: Gas Preheater

ideal gas neglect effect of P on H neglect heat of mixing of gas phase components

Energy Balance: Gas Preheater

ideal gas neglect effect of P on H neglect heat of mixing of gas phase components from Table B.8:

12.09

Energy Balance: Gas Preheater

12.09 -0.15 8.17

Energy Balance: Waste Heat Boiler

Energy Balance: Waste Heat Boiler

T h e s p e c i f i c e

Latent Heats

A t w h a t r a t e (

Heat of Vaporization

O f t e n a p h a s e

Heat of Vaporization

1 0 0

Heating and Vaporization

g m o l / h

n h

P o s s i b l e

Heating and Vaporization

h y p o t

true path but dont know vap(146 C) at step E

P o s s i b l e

Heating and Vaporization

h y p o t

shortest path dont know vap(25C) at step C

P o s s i b l e

Heating and Vaporization

h y p o t

hypothetical path permits use of known vap(69C) at step D

P o s s i b l e

Heating and Vaporization

Table B.1

h y p o t

Table B.2

P o s s i b l e

Heating and Vaporization

h y p o t

Table B.1

P o s s i b l e

Heating and Vaporization

h y p o t

Table B.2

P o s s i b l e

Heating and Vaporization

h y p o t

P o s s i b l e

Heating and Vaporization

h y p o t

note contribution of term to total of path

H e a t o f v a p o r i

Estimation/Correlation of Latent Heats

W a Estimation/Correlation Heats t s o n s C o r r e

of Latent

A n Energy Balance: System w/ Phase

Change

e q u i m o l a r m

D O F

Energy Balance: System w/ Phase Change

total mole balance: benzene balance:

a n a l y s i s :

E n e r g y

Energy Balance: System w/ Phase Change

B a l a n c e

E n e r g y

Energy Balance: System w/ Phase Change

B a l a n c e

E n e r g y

Energy Balance: System w/ Phase Change

5.33 2 6.34 0 37.5 2 42.9 3

B a l a n c e

A p s y c h r o m e t r i

Psychrometric Charts

Psychrometric chart SI Units. Reference states: H2O (L, 0C, 1 atm), dry air (0C, 1 atm).

Dry Bulb Temperature: air temperature as measured by a thermometer.

absolute humidity, ha: moisture content, measured in kg H2O/kg DA

easily converted to mass fraction: e.g., if ha = 0.0150 kg H2O/kg DA, then mH2O = 0.0150 kg H2O/(1.015 kg humid air) = 0.0148 kg H2O/kg

relative humidity, hr hr = [pH2O/p*H2O(T)]100 %

Dew Point (saturation temp), Tdp: found by moving horizontally from a given air hr and temperature e.g., air at 29C, 20% relative humidity has a dew point of 4C

e.g., volume of 1 kg humid air (HA) 30C, 30% hr:

humid volume

wet bulb temperature, Twb

is the lowest temperature an object may be cooled to by the process of evaporation. Water evaporating from a moistened wick on the wetbulb thermometer bulb cools the thermometer bulb and lowers the temperature reading. The cooling effect of the evaporation from the bulb is inversely proportional to the amount of water vapor present in the air: the more water vapor present, the less moisture will evaporate from the moistened wick, and the less cooling of the thermometer bulb will occur. From the dry- and wet-bulb readings, the dewpoint temperature and humidity values may be calculated.

specific enthalpy of saturated air, Represents enthalpy change of dry air and accompanying water vapor. Can be obtained by adding the sensible heat of DA from reference state (0C) to 25C, with H2O = H2O(v, 25C) - H2O (l, 0C)

enthalpy devation used to determine enthalpy of air that is not saturated e.g., 35C 10% rel. hum air = 45.0 0.52 = 44.45 kJ/kg DA

DA

rel. 10% . hum

3 C

19 C

41 C 0.895 m3/kg

0.0048 kg H2O/kg DA

Estimate the absolute humidity, wet-bulb temperature, humid volume, dew point, and specific enthalpy of humid air at 41C, 10% relative 54.2 0.7 humidity. = 53.5 kJ/kg

Using the Psychrometric Chart

Air Conditioner

DOF analysis
-

7 unknowns (m1, m2, m3, 1, 2, 3, Q)

1 material balance (DA already balanced on flowchart) 2 absolute humidities from psychrometric charts (inlet/outlet) 2 enthalpies from psychrometric charts (inlet/outlet) 1 enthalpy of condenstate 1 energy balance 0 degrees of freedom

Air Conditioner

0.018 lbm H2O/lbm DA

water balance: fraction condensed:

0.0079 lbm H2O/lbm DA

Air Conditioner
1 = 38.8 BTU/lbm DA

condensate enthalpy (reference state is liquid water at 32F):

2 = 20.9 BTU/lbm DA

2 = 20.9 BTU/lbm DA 1 = 38.8 BTU/lbm DA

3 = 19.0 BTU/lbm H2O

Energy Balance

2 = 20.9 BTU/lbm DA 1 = 38.8 BTU/lbm DA

cooling requirement for 1000 ft3/min of delivered air

3 = 19.0 BTU/lbm H2O

A d i a b a t i c c o o l

Adiabatic Cooling

I f c e r t a i n , w e

Adiabatic Cooling

A s t r e a m o f a i

Adiabatic Humidification

A s s u m e t h e h e a

Adiabatic Humidification

evaporation rate:

Entering Air Exiting Air 0.0063 kg H2O/kg DA 13.2 C 21.2 C 0.0026 kg H2O/kg DA