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GLONAS GLObal S NAvigation Satellite System

What is GLONASS?

Stands for Globalnaya navigatsionnaya sputnikovaya sistema or Global Navigation Satellite System a radio-based satellite navigation system operated for the Russian government by the Russian Aerospace Defense Forces.

GLONASS is intended to provide unlimited number of nautical, air, space, and ground users with navigation data and precise time signals.

INCEPTION AND DESIGN

Tsiklon

First satellite-based radio navigation system developed in the Soviet Union, which had the purpose of providing ballistic missile submarines a method for accurate positioning. 31 Tsiklon satellites were launched between 1967 and 1978.

INCEPTION AND DESIGN

consists of 6 satellites, orbiting the Earth Orbits at altitude of 1,000 km determines the position of a ship or a submarine every 1.5 2 hours and required up to 6 minutes to get a fix. Positioning accuracy is 80 100 m

GLONASS DEVELOPMENT

1972

The work on creating the system, which later became to be known as GLONASS, began. Headed by Vladimir Cheremisin Krasnoyarsk Applied Mechanics Design Bureau (now Information Satellite Systems) and Institute of Space Device Engineering (now Russian Space Systems).

1978 Technical development plan was prepared; it called for achieving horizontal accuracy of 20 to 30 meters, vertical accuracy of 10 to 20 meters, and velocity vector accuracy of 3.5 cm/sec once the GLONASS System was fully deployed. 1982 The first GLONASS satellite was launched into orbit, October 12.

1991 Government testing of the satellite system GLONASS (partial satellite constellation) is completed. 1993 By Presidential Decree, GLObal NAvigation Satellite System GLONASS was accepted into service by the Russian Defense Ministry. The constellation included eight satellites at the time.

1995 The number of GLONASS space vehicles was brought to 24, completing the satellite constellation and providing global positioning coverage at all times. 2001 Global Navigation System Federal Target Program was adopted; "Global Navigation System" 20022011 (Government Decision No. 587) the program provides for full coverage of the Russian territory by 2008.

2003 Launch of the first GLONASS-M second-generation satellite with improved positioning accuracy and extended operational lifespan of seven years. Mass of 1,415 kg

2005 To maintain the satellite constellation and develop the GLONASS system, one GLONASS and two GLONASS-M space vehicles were launched into orbit. 2006 GLONASS development continues with the launch of three additional GLONASS-M satellites. Defense Minister Sergey Ivanov ordered one of the signals to be made available to civilian users

2007 The accurate, formerly militaryonly signal with a precision of 10 m, has since then been freely available to civilian users. Three GLONASS-M space vehicles were launched into orbit, bringing the number of functional satellites in the constellation to 16. Glospace SGK-70

2008 Six additional GLONASS-M space vehicles were launched between September and December. The total number of satellites in the GLONASS system reaches 20.

12 September 2008 Vladimir Putin signed RF Government Resolution on increasing GLONASS Program financing by 67 billion rubles

2009 Three GLONASS-M were launched.

satellites

2010 Six additional GLONAS-M space vehicles were launched, bringing the constellation to the total of 22 satellites. Integral availability of GLONASS positioning is 100% in Russia and 99.5% throughout the world.

2011 The first GLONASS-K thirdgeneration space vehicle with improved positioning accuracy and operational lifespan extended to ten years was launched on 26 February

2011 Sweden's Swepos, a national network of satellite reference stations uses GLONASS 3 October 2011 GLONASS-M space vehicle has been launched into orbit from Plesetsk Cosmodrome

4 November 2011 Three GLONASS-M satellites were placed into baseline orbit using Proton-M launch vehicle with BrizeM upper stage.

Assisted GPS and GLONASS

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

System Purpose

GLONASS system is designed for real-time global navigation and time synchronization service for unlimited number of users on ground, on sea, airborne and in space.

By Decree of the President of Russian Federation, access to civilian signal of the system is provided to Russian and foreign users free of charge without any restrictions.

Since 1996, by Russian Federation Government proposal, GLONASS is used by International Maritime Organization and International Civil Aviation Organization along with American GPS system.

Armed Forces Communication and energy systems synchronization Geodesy: GLONASS and GLONASS\GPS receivers are used to determine precise coordinates of points and land parcel boundaries Cartography: GLONASS is used in civilian and military cartography Tectonics: tectonic plates movements and convulsions are tracked using satellites

Navigation: global positioning systems are used for maritime and roadway navigation Satellite monitoring:ERAGLONASSproject Complex engineering structures monitoring Animals monitoring, environmental protection Search and rescue facilitation Personal trackers, "panic button"

Signals

GLONASS satellites transmit two types of signal: a standard precision (SP) signal and anobfuscatedhigh precision (HP) signal.

The signals use similarDSSSencoding andbinary phase-shift keying(BPSK) modulation as in GPS signals. All GLONASS satellites transmit the same code as their SP signal; however each transmits on a different frequency using a 15channelfrequency division multiple access(FDMA) technique spanning either side from 1602.0MHz, known as the L1 band.

The center frequency is 1602MHz +n 0.5625MHz, wherenis a satellite's frequency channel number

The HP signal (L2) is broadcast in phase quadrature with the SP signal, effectively sharing the same carrier wave as the SP signal, but with a ten-timeshigher bandwidth than the SP signal.

The L2 signals use the same FDMA as the L1 band signals, but transmit straddling 1246MHz with the center frequency determined by the equation 1246MHz+n0.4375MHz, wherenspans the same range

Satellites

The main contractor of the GLONASS program is Joint Stock CompanyReshetnev Information Satellite Systems(formerly called NPO-PM). The company, located inZheleznogorsk, is the designer of all GLONASS satellites, in cooperation with the Institute for Space Device Engineering and the Russian Institute of Radio Navigation and Time. Serial production of the satellites is accomplished by the companyPC PolyotinOmsk.

Over the three decades of development, the satellite designs have gone through numerous improvements, and can be divided into three generations: the original GLONASS (since 1982), GLONASS-M (since 2003) and GLONASS-K (since 2011). Each GLONASS satellite has aGRAUdesignation 11F654, and each of them also has the military "Cosmos-NNNN" designation.

First generation

The true first generation of GLONASS (also calledUragan) satellites were all 3-axis stabilized vehicles, generally weighing 1,250kg and were equipped with a modest propulsion system to permit relocation within the constellation. Over time they were upgraded to Block IIa, IIb, and IIv vehicles, with each block containing evolutionary

Six Block IIa satellites were launched in 19851986 with improved time and frequency standards over the prototypes, and increased frequency stability. These spacecraft also demonstrated a 16-month average operational lifetime. Block IIb spacecraft, with a 2-year design lifetimes, appeared in 1987, of which a total of 12 were launched, but half were lost in launch vehicle accidents. The six spacecraft that made it to

Block IIv was the most prolific of the first generation. Used exclusively from 1988 to 2000, and continued to be included in launches through 2005, a total of 25 satellites were launched. The design life was three years, however numerous spacecraft exceeded this, with one late model lasting 68 months

Second generation

The second generation of satellites, known as Glonass-M, were developed beginning in 1990 and first launched in 2003.

These satellites possess a substantially increased lifetime of seven years and weigh slightly more at 1,480kg. They are approximately 2.4m (7ft10in) in diameter and 3.7m (12ft) high, with a solar array span of 7.2m (24ft) for an electrical power generation capability of 1600 watts at

A total of fourteen second generation satellites were launched through the end of 2007. As with the previous generation, the second generation spacecraft were launched in triplets usingProton-KBlok-DM-2 or

Third generation

GLONASS-K is a substantial improvement of the previous generation: it is the first unpressurised GLONASS satellite with a much reduced mass (750kg versus 1,450kg of GLONASS-M).

It has an operational lifetime of 10 years, compared to the 7year lifetime of the second generation GLONASS-M. It will transmit more navigation signals to improve the system's accuracy, including new CDMA signals in the L3 and L5 bands which will use modulation similar to modernized GPS, Galileo and