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Directly into blood Short term Kidneys detect and remove in urine
Source
fish liver oils, butter, milk, peaches, apricots, sweet potatoes, carrots, tomatoes, leafy vegetables
Night blindness Leading cause of blindness in third world countries Cell keratinization Dry skin Xerophthalmia (dryness of cornea & conjunctiva) Reproductive failure Abnormal skeletal development/maintenance Immune dysfunction
Necrosis of cornea
In females:
Increased abortions Neonates born dead/weak Deformed young: no eyeballs; hydrocephalus
In males:
Keratinization of testicular epithelium
Skeletal malformations, spontaneous fractures, internal hemorrhages Overconsumption of beta carotene from food sources may cause skin to turn yellow but is not harmful Birth defects and miscarriage Decalcification, joint pain, fragility Dry itchy skin (caution about acne treatments) Hair loss
Destruction of epiphyseal cartilage and bone matrix
Completely synthetic form produced by the irradiation of the plant steroid ergosterol Plant source cannot be used by birds Produced photochemically by the action of sunlight or ultraviolet light from the precursor sterol 7-dehydrocholesterol Animal source required by birds
Vitamin D3 = cholecalciferol
- Body can make it if exposed to enough sunlight - Made from cholesterol in the skin
- Fat soluble - Stable to heat - Resistant to oxidation - Unaffected by cooking - Vit. D has greater potency
2
Physiologic Action
- increase the absorption of calcium and phosphorous from the small intestine increases release of calcium and phosphate in the bones necessary for normal growth and development Required in the proper activity of parathyroid hormone
- a-Tocopoherol : colourless pale yellow oil - Stable to heat, but is destroyed by ultraviolet light and by oxidizing agents - Prevents oxidation of vitamin A an unsaturated fatty acids - Protect lung tissues from damage by oxidants by pollutant in the air - Selenium (pancreatic) metabolism - Helpful in diets of pregnant and lactating woman - Treating older persons suffering from circulatory
problems.
and
The term vitamin E refers to a family of eight related compounds, the tocopherols and the tocotrienols The four major forms of vitamin E are designated a, b, d, g, on the basis of the number and position of the methyl group on the chromanol ring
R3 R2 O CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
CH3 HO R1
Rare typically associated with fat mal-absorption or excessive intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) Erythrocyte hemolysis and hemolytic anemia
-Red blood cell breaks open and spill the contents, perhaps due to PUFA oxidation -Observed among newborns of several species -Vitamin E treatment resolves hemolytic anemia
Prolonged deficiency causes neuromuscular dysfunction; affects the spinal cord and the retina
-exposure of PUFAs to oxygen and intake of mineral oils
Wide range of safe intake compared to other fat soluble vitamins (toxicity rare)
Extreme high doses (50- to 100-fold above recommended intakes) may affect the blood clotting effects of vitamin K and may lead to increased risk of hemorrhage
Forms of Vitamin K
K1, phylloquinone
Chloroplasts in plants
K2, menaquinone
Bacterial synthesis
K3, menadione
Synthetic, water soluble form Complexed to improve stability
Properties
o stable to heat oDestroyed in acidic and alkaline solution oUnstable to light and oxidizing
agents
Clotting factors are synthesized in the liver as inactive precursors - vitamin K converts them to their active forms
Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, an active enzyme
Formation of fibrinogen to fibrin, leading to clot formation Stimulates bone formation and decreases bone resorption
Primary deficiency rare; secondary deficiency occurs when fat absorption is impaired or following long-term or highdose administration of antibiotics (they kill the bacteria in large intestine)
Newborn babies with sterile GI tract; single vitamin K dose given to prevent hemorrhage
Spontaneous hemorrhages under the skin in chick receiving a vitamin K-deficient diet for first 15 days of life
Normal chick the same age but fed a diet with sufficient levels of vitamin K
Hemorrhagic disease in first few days of life; death caused by subdural hemorrhage