NUTRITION: AN INTRODUCTION

nutRition

FOOD
Provide energy and new molecules to replace those that the body uses NUTRIENTS Component of food and drink that provide growth, replacement, and energy
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Vitamins Minerals Water

vitaminsversus minerals

CALORIES
Measurement of amount of energy derived from food
1000 Cal = 1 kCal Recommended Nutritional Requirements Per Day Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids 45 65% 10 35% 20 35%

vita mins Vitamins!

VITAMIN
is an organic compound required as a nutrient in tiny amounts by an organism Derived from Vitamine 4 Fat-Soluble Vitamins 9 Water-Soluble Vitamins

fat-soluble Vitamins

FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN A Other Name: Retinol Function:
Vision To heal eye and skin injuries

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:

Nightblindness/Blindness Keratinization of epithelium and cornea

Best Food Source:

Liver, butter, egg yolk, carrots, spinach, sweet potatoes

 The pigment-bearing portion of rhodopsin is retinal, a substance formed by oxidation of vitamin A. The protein portion is opsin.

In a bright light rhodopsin breaks down into retinal and opsin;

in the dark

the process is reversed.

FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN D Other Name: Calciferol Function:
Promotes calcium and phosphate absorption and mobilization

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:

Rickets (children): pliable bones Osteomalacia (adults): fragile bones

Best Food Source:

Salmon, sardines, cod liver oil, cheese, eggs, milk

FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN E Other Name: Tocopherol Function:
Antioxidant

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:

In cases of malabsorption such as cystic fibrosis: anemia In premature infants: anemia

Best Food Source:

Vegetable oils, nuts, potato chips, spinach

 Antioxidants -

protect cells from free radicals

F r e e r a d i c a l s - molecules that contain an unshared electron.

damage cells and might contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Unshared electrons are highly energetic and react rapidly with oxygen to form reactive oxygen species (ROS). ENDOGENOUS, ENVIRONMENT

Their chief danger damage to DNA,cell membrane. Antioxidants are molecules which can safely interact with free radicals and terminate the chain reaction before vital molecules are damaged.

FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN K Other Name: Phylloquinone Function:
Blood clotting

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:

Uncontrolled bleeding (mostly in newborns)

Best Food Source:

Spinach, potatoes, cauliflower, beef liver

Water-soluble Vitamins

Vitamin B complexes:

vitamin B1 (thiamine) vitamin B2 (riboflavin) vitamin B3 (niacin/niacinamide) vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) Vitamin B7 (biotin) vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) and folic acid

WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN B1 Other Name: Thiamine Function:
Coenzyme (needed in proper function of enzymes) in oxidative carboxylation and in the pentose phosphate shunt Properly use CARBOHYDRATES

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:

Beriberi In alcoholics: heart failure, Wernickes Encephalopathy and Korsakoffs Psychosis Pulmonary congestion

Best Food Source:

Beans, soybeans, cereals, ham, liver

WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN B2 Other Name: Riboflavin Function:
Coenzyme of oxidative processes

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:

invasion of cornea by capillaries Cheilosis Dermatitis

Best Food Source:

Kidney, liver, yeast, almonds, mushrooms, beans

WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN B3: NICOTINIC ACID Other Name: Niacin Function:
Coenzyme of oxidative processes

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:

Pellagra

Best Food Source:

Prunes, peaches, avocados, fish, meat, mushrooms, peanuts, bread, rice, beans, berries

WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN B6 Other Name: Pyridoxine Function:
Coenzyme in transamination Heme synthesis

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:

Convulsions Chronic anemia Peripheral neuropathy

Best Food Source:

Meat, fish, nuts, oats, wheat

WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN B9 Other Name: Folic Acid; Pteroylglutamic Acid Function:
Coenzyme in methylation and in DNA synthesis

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:

Anemia

Best Food Source:

Liver, kidneys, eggs, spinach, orange juice

WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN B12 Other Name: Cyanocobalamin Function:
Part of methyl-removing enzyme in folate metabolism

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:

Patchy demyelination Degradation of nerves, spinal cord, and brain

Best Food Source:

Oysters, salmon, liver, kidney

WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN B5 Other Name: Pantothenic Acid Function:
Part of CoA Fat and carbohydrate metabolism

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:

Gastrointestinal disturbances Depression

Best Food Source:

Peanuts, soybeans, liver, kidney, brain, heart

WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN B7 Other Name: Biotin Function:
Synthesis of fatty acids

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:

Dermatitis, nausea, depression

Best Food Source:

Yeast, liver, kidney, nuts, egg yolk

WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN C Other Name: Ascorbic Acid Function:
Antioxidant Hydroxylation of collagen Wound healing Bond formation

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:

Scurvy

Best Food Source:

Citrus fruits, berries, cabbage, tomatoes

MINERALS
Potassium Sodium Calcium Chloride Phosphorus Magnesium Iron Zinc Copper Manganese Chromium Molybdenum Cobalt Selenium Iodine Fluorine

Potassium

Provides membrane potential

Osmotic pressure

Muscle Weakness

Sodium

Electrolyte imbalances

Calcium

Bone formation; Hormonal function; Blood coagulation; Muscle contraction

Muscle cramps; osteoporosis, fragile bones, coagulopathy

Chloride

Osmotic pressure

Electrolyte imbalances

Phosphorus

Balancing calcium in the diet

Structural weakness in bones

Magnesium

Cofactor in enzymes

Hypocalcemia

Iron

Oxidative phosphorylation; hemoglobin synthesis

Cofactor in enzymes; insulin

Anemia

Zinc

Retarded growth; enlarged liver

Copper

Oxidative enzymes cofactor

Loss of hair pigmentation; anemia

Manganese

Bone formation

Retarded growth of hair and nails

Chromium

Glucose metabolism

Glucose not available to cells

Molybdenum

Protein synthesis

Retarded growth

Cobalt

Component of Vitamin B12

Pernicious anemia

Selenium

Fat Metabolism

Muscular disorders

Iodine

Thyroid gland function

Goiter and thyroiditis

Fluorine

Enamel Formation

Tooth decay

THANK YOU VERY MUCH