SOCIAL SECURITY MEASURES ACROSS THE COUNTRIES

Presented By:
PRIYANKA YADAV 003 HEENA THUKRAL 004

Social Security
Social security is an economic and social system relating to the vital

interests of members of the entire society for safeguarding social stability, promoting economic development.

The social security system originated in the social salvage system, is a product of the industrial revolution, designed to provide material compensation or aid to help citizens overcome difficulties in their livelihood and unexpected disaster.

Britain was the first to declare establishment of a ``welfare state',

wherein all citizens ``from cradle to grave'' were ensured social security, followed by developed countries in Western Europe, Northern Europe, North America, Oceania and Asia which successively declared implementation of a ``universal welfare'' policy.
At the same time, Socialist countries in Eastern Europe and Asia,

following the model of the former Soviet Union, adopted the state insurance model which provided the greatest social security for the working class. Thus far, more than 160 countries and regions have established a social security system of different types.

Why Social Security?

Social Security protects not just the subscriber but also

his/her entire family by giving benefit packages in financial security and health care. Thus the main strength of the Social Security system is that it acts as a facilitator - it helps people to plan their own future through insurance and assistance. The success of Social Security schemes however requires the active support and involvement of employees and employers.

As a worker/employee, you are a source of Social

Security protection for yourself and your family. As an employer you are responsible for providing adequate social security coverage to all your workers.

United States

The Roosevelt Administration enacted the Social Security Program in 1935 to provide financial protection for disabled workers and their families as well as retirement benefits. Social Security differs from other government aid programs such as welfare because benefits follow strict eligibility guidelines based on employment history and prior contributions to the Social Security system. Every American worker pays a Social Security tax on his or her paycheck. The number of years a person is employed (workers earn credits for every year employed) and the amount one contributes determines the range of benefits a worker is entitled to. The longer one works and the more they contribute, the more they receive. The government does set a maximum benefit of around $1,750 a month for workers retiring at Social Security's full retirement age of 65 and 2 months. There are several types of Social Security benefit programs available to the public. Normal full retirement benefits begin at age 65 (there are an estimated 36 million Americans age 65 or older) and are available to anyone who has worked long enough to meet the eligibility requirements. Seniors may collect reduced payments beginning at age 62 or may delay their Social Security until age 70 if they plan on working past age 65. Workers born after 1929 must have at least 40 earned work credits, the equivalent of working 10 years, to be eligible for Social Security retirement. Unmarried children, grandchildren and divorced spouses are also eligible for benefits.

For a deceased worker

Social Security will pay benefits to the spouse and children of a

deceased worker if the deceased earned enough work credits while alive. Widows or widowers may collect full benefits at age 65 or older or reduced payments as early as age 60.

If disabled, applicants may receive benefits at age 50. Widows or widowers caring for a child under the age of 16 may apply for payments at any time. school) as well as grandchildren adopted by the deceased or living with the worker at the time of his or her death may also be eligible for benefits.

Unmarried children under age 18 (or up to 19 if they are in high

Divorced spouses may collect if the marriage lasted 10 years and the divorce at least two years. Divorced spouses caring for the deceased worker's child (must be under 16 or disabled and is also receiving benefits) do not have to meet the 10-year marriage requirement.

For Disabled Workers

Disability benefits involve the most controversy and are the main reason a person seeking financial aid would need an attorney. Social Security disability payments are available to persons who stop working due to a physical or mental impairment that prevents them from performing "gainful" work. The disability must last at least 12 months or be expected to result in death. To be eligible, an employee must have worked at least 5 years (depending on your age) within the last forty calendar quarters (10 years) before the disability began. Benefits last as long as the injured is unable to work. A disabled person can get benefits until age 65 when payments are converted into retirement benefits . Children under 18 and some disabled adults may also collect benefits if their parent receives disability. The Social Security Administration follows strict guidelines when determining if an applicant is eligible for disability. Several factors may significantly delay or void a person from collecting disability:

1. If their earnings average more than Social Security's annual income cut-off (currently around $800 a month) 2. If the injured can perform other types of duties 3. The actual severity of the condition

4. If the condition is found in the Social Security list of disabling injuries

China
The first stage, which began in the early period after the founding

of New China to 1966, was the initial stage. In 1951, the state promulgated the Regulations (Draft) of the People's Republic of China Concerning Labor Insurance, its contents include items such as disease, injury, birth, medical care, retirement and death treatment and job waiting reliefs. Later on a series of policies and regulations were promulgated. At that time, The All China Federation of Trade Unions was the highest leading body for national insurance service, and the Ministry of Labor was the highest supervisory institution for the national labor insurance work. Part of labor insurance fund was paid directly by enterprises, another part was raised by the All China Federation of Trade Union.

The second stage ranged between 1966 and 1976. During the 10

chaotic years, social insurance work suffered serious setbacks and destruction, management organs were dissolved, trade union organizations were compelled to suspend activities, social pooling from society for retirement expenses was cancelled, and social insurance was turned into enterprise insurance.

Continued

The third stage ranged from the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 to the 14th National Congress of the Party. In 1984, some regions began exploration of methods for reform of the old age pension insurance system, the method of raising funds from society for retirement pension was introduced to state owned enterprises and most urban collective-owned enterprises, and it was decided to institute employee's contribution system. Some regions even boldly explored ways for the establishment of a system which integrates social pooling with personal account. Government institutions and some villages have also conducted trial reform of the pension system. The fourth stage ranged from the 14th National Congress of the Party to the present. While proposal for the establishment of a socialist market economic system was put forward for the first time, deepening reform of the social security system was also clearly defined for the first time as one of the important links in the reform of the economic system. The Decision on Some issues Concerning the Establishment of a Socialist Market Economic System adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 14th Party Central Committee further clearly defined the goal and principle for the establishment of a new social security system.

Continued
China's current security system features

the high integration of employment and welfare, with social security funds either coming completely from the financial department, or being borne mainly by the enterprise. As a result, the enterprise become a ``welfare enterprise'' which provides all directional service for the employees.

France

Social Security in France is divided into four branches: 1. illness 2. old age 3. family 4.recovery.

Health insurance depends on his professional past or present of a person. However, for those not fulfilling the conditions of membership on a professional basis but residing in France for at least three months in a regular situation, there is universal coverage. Universal Health Coverage

1. From 2000 a universal health coverage has been in place, providing two fundamental rights for access to care: 2. The first component, for basic coverage, improves access to care for people suffering from extreme exclusion, but also many people temporarily or permanently deprived of the right to health insurance. 3. The second component, the creation of an additional free coverage, on behalf of national solidarity, is included in the management of care by health insurance. This reform affects 10% of the most disadvantaged people meeting the criteria of resources and residence.

Continued
Family benefits consist of:

The family allowances granted from the 2nd dependent child, a fixed amount per child from the 3rd The Family Complement assigned to the household or the person whose resources do not exceed a ceiling The adopted child allowance attributed to parents adopting children since 2004. The PAJE replaced five previously existing benefits The special education allowance (AES) awarded to any person who is caring for a disabled child until the 20th birthday The maintenance allowance granted to the surviving spouse or parent or family home to raise an orphaned child The school allocation of available to children under 18 who continue their studies or placed under apprenticeship provided that their income does not exceed 55% of SMIC, The lone parent allowance granted in case of insufficient resources to persons bearing the burden alone of at least one child The housing family allowance granted in case of housing insalubrities The allocation of social housing in case of housing insalubrities to the elderly, the disabled, some unemployed and beneficiaries of the RMI. Family benefits are granted to any French or foreign person residing in France, with a dependent child or children living in France under 20 (or 21 years for housing allowances to family and the Family).

Old age
All the schemes of basic and supplementary pensions in France

work on the method of distribution. The schemes incorporate mechanisms of solidarity:

1.

solidarity between generations (principle of distribution)

2.

solidarity within a single generation (large redistributions between different occupational groups and gender).
pension assigned to all seniors who have limited resources, paid by the solidarity fund retirement .

Solidarity at the national level consists of the minimum old-age

The retirement system in France is organized into three levels: a

compulsory system, a scheme often mandatory, and optional arrangements.

Minimum old-age

Established in 1956, the minimum age is a guarantee for any old person residing in France to receive a minimum amount to live on. It was established for seniors who have not acquired sufficient rights for the pension social security.

Continued

Contributions The French system of Social Security is financed largely by contributions based on the wages of employees.

1. 2.

The income of social security schemes are traditionally divided along the following categories:
The" actual contributions" (57% of total revenue) represent the contributions paid by the insured and employers to social security. The "fictitious contributions" (8% of revenue) correspond in schemes employers (SNCF, RATP, EDF, ...) in funding by the employer of the scheme it manages. The "public contributions" (3% of revenue) represent direct payments to the state, including grants to individual special regimes balance

3.

4.

The "assigned taxes" (19% of revenue) include various taxes, contributions and taxes used to finance social security. The most important is the general social contribution (CSG).

India
With reference to India, the Constitution(Article 41, 42 and 43 )

levies responsibility on the State to provide social security to citizens of the country. Also, the Concurrent List of the Constitution of India mentions issues like1. 2.

Social Security and insurance, employment and unemployment. Welfare of Labor including conditions of work, provident funds, employers' liability, workmen's compensation, invalidity and old age pension and maternity benefits. Drawing from the Constitution of India, some of the legislations that have been enacted for social security are Employees State Insurance Act, 1948, Workmens Compensation Act, 1923, Employees Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952, Maternity Benefit Act, 1961, Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972, etc. A social security division has also been set up under the Ministry of Labor and Employment which mainly focuses on framing policies for social security for the workers of organized sector.

For Unorganized Sector

Legislative enactments like the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005, Unorganized Sector Workers Social Security Act, 2008 and the Domestic Workers (Registration, social security and welfare) Act, 2008 are examples of the same. The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 aim at curbing unemployment or unproductive employment in rural areas. It focuses on enhancing livelihood security to rural people, as it guarantees productive wage employment for at least 100 days in a year. The Unorganized Workers Social Security Act, 2008, which targets at extending social security measures to unorganized sector workers. The law thereby aims at extending to workers in informal sector status and benefits similar to that of formal sector workers. Domestic Workers Act, 2008 has also been enacted. The legislation aims at regulating payment and working conditions of domestic workers and entitles every registered domestic worker to receive pension, maternity benefits and paid leave that is a paid weekly off.