Licensure Examination for Teachers: GENERAL EDUCATION

PHYSICS
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VECTORS & SCALARS

Scalar quantities described by magnitude, e.g. 5 meters
Vector quantities descibed both by magnitude and direction, e.g. 5 meters North
Copyright 2008 PresentationFx.com | Redistribution Prohibited | Image 2008 Thomas Brian | This text section may be deleted for presentation .

Vector & Scalar Quantities

VECTORS Displacement Velocity SCALARS Distance Speed

Acceleration
Force, Momentum, Time, Temperature, Impulse, Electric Mass, Density, Field, Magnetic Field Electric Charge

Distance vs. Displacement

What is the displacement of an athlete who has run a lap on a 400-meter track? Answer: Zero. After running a lap, the athlete is back where he or she started. The distance traveled by the athlete, and not the displacement, is 400 meters.

Speed vs. Velocity

As distance is to displacement, so speed is to velocity: the crucial difference between the two is that speed is a scalar and velocity is a vector quantity. A speedometer tells us the cars speed, not its velocity, because it gives only a number and not a direction. It does not tell us the average speed, but the instantaneous speed, or the speed at a given moment.

Acceleration
Acceleration is a vector quantity that measures the rate of change of the velocity vector with time. Acceleration happens when we speed up, slow down (deceleration), or change direction.

Newtons Laws of Motion

First Law: Inertia Second Law: Acceleration Third Law: Interaction

First Law of Motion

LAW OF INERTIA A body remains at rest or moves in a straight line at a constant speed unless acted upon by a force.

INERTIA natural tendency of a body to resist changes in motion

First Law of Motion

A soccer ball standing still on the grass does not move until someone kicks it. An ice hockey puck will continue to move with the same velocity until it hits the boards, or someone else hits it.

First Law of Motion

In free space where there is neither friction nor air resistance to change the speed of a moving object, there is no force required to maintain the object at a constant speed. It will continue moving in a straight line indefinitely. When you push a glass with water initially at rest, it begins to move, but the water has a tendency to remain in its initial position. It tends to get left behind and spills.

First Law of Motion

Any change in the velocity of an object (non-uniform or accelerated motion) is evidence of a net force acting on that object. If you are in a moving car or bus that is coming to a stop, your body tends to keep moving forward. In a sudden stop, you tend to lurch forward.

First Law of Motion

Mass is a measurement of a bodys inertia, or its resistance to being accelerated. Inertia of an object is proportional to its mass: the greater the mass, the greater the inertia. A piano is harder to push than a small wooden chair because the piano is heavier and, therefore, has more inertia.

Second Law of Motion

THE LAW OF ACCELERATION Force = mass x acceleration

If the forces on an object are unbalanced, the resultant force will cause the object to accelerate.

Second Law of Motion

Acceleration is directly proportional to the net force & inversely proportional to the mass. The bigger the force and/or the smaller the mass, the bigger the change in motion. You accelerate by pushing harder on the same object, or by lightening the load while pushing with the same force.

Second Law of Motion

The forces are in the same direction and are, therefore, added producing a net or resultant force of 25N to the right.

Second Law of Motion

The box accelerates with a net force of 8N. If initially the box is not moving, it will start to move to the right. If it is already moving to the right, it will move faster. If initially it is moving to the left, it will decelerate or move slower.

Third Law of Motion

THE LAW OF INTERACTION When an object exerts a force on another object, the second object also exerts a force on the first object. These two forces act in opposite directions but are equal in magnitude.

Third Law of Motion

Illustrations:
When you push a book towards the left , the book also exerts a force of equal magnitude on your hand towards the right. When a porter carries a heavy load on his head , the load pushes down on his head. The porter's head pushes the load upwards. Again, these opposite forces are equal in magnitude. When you fire a gun, it thrusts the bullet out with a great force. The bullet exerts the same force on the gun, causing it to recoil.

Third Law of Motion

When a stone is dropped, it falls. This shows that the earth attracts the coin, i.e., it exerts a force on the coin in the downward direction. Also, the coin attracts the earth in the upward direction. Air rushes out of a balloon, and the balloon streaks ahead.

Third Law of Motion

Through its nozzle, a rocket spits gases (from burnt fuel) with tremendous speed; as a result rocket is pushed up. The birds, while flying, push the air downwards with the help of their wings, and the air in turn exerts a force on the bird in the upward direction.

Third Law of Motion

When we walk on the ground, our foot pushes the ground backward and the ground in turn exerts a force on the foot pushing the foot forward. If you hit a wall with your fist, the wall also hits your fist with the same force, which you feel.
If you slap someone on the cheek, his cheek also 'hits' your hand with a force of equal magnitude.

Third Law of Motion

Points to remember: Even though the action and reaction forces are equal and opposite, their resultant is not equal to zero as the action and reaction forces are acting on two different bodies The third law holds good when the interacting bodies are at rest or in motion This law does not give us the magnitude of force

Newtons Laws of Motion

The first law states that unbalanced forces produce a change in the velocity of the body. The second law gives the exact amount of force needed to produce a given acceleration. Newton's third law is a relation between the forces themselves. When a body exerts a force on another body, the other body also exerts a force of equal magnitude but opposite in direction on the first.

Understanding Newtons Laws

While driving a car on the highway you hit a bug. The bug hit the windshield and the windshield hit the bug. Which of the two forces is greater, the force on the bug or the force on the windshield? Answer: The same according to Newton's third law you can only exert back as much force as is exerted on you. Because the bug has less mass, its motion is effected more by the force.

Understanding Newtons Laws

The resultant force is in the direction where the car is going. The bug changes velocity in the reverse direction (decelerates) considerably. The car also decelerates, although this is hardly noticeable due to the cars significantly larger mass compared to the bugs.

Mass vs. Weight

Mass measure of the quantity of matter, which is constant all over the universe. Weight proportional to mass but depends on location in the universe; force exerted on a body by gravitational attraction (usually by the earth).

Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It is converted from one form to another. The total energy always remains constant.

Law of Conservation of Energy

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Potential Energy
- Capacity to do work of objects at rest due to their position or state - A stone at the top of a hill, a strung arrow, an elongated rubber band, a wound clock or the wound spring of a toy car, water stored in an over head tank, a tightly coiled spring

Kinetic Energy
- Capacity to do work of a moving body - Blowing wind, water falling from heights, a moving vehicle

- For a moving object to do more work, it should be moving faster - If an object is moving, it also has momentum

Momentum
Amount of motion in a body Measure of how hard it is to stop a moving body Momentum = mass x velocity

Depends on how fast an object is moving and on its mass

Work
Done by a force when it moves an object through a distance in the direction in which the force is acting Work = Force x Distance

No work is done even if force is applied to an object that does not move, e.g. pushing a concrete wall

Archimedes Principle or Law of Buoyancy

When an object is wholly or partly immersed in a fluid, the fluid exerts an upward force on the object. This force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. Principle behind the design of life savers, submarines, canoes, hot-air balloons FLUID - any substance that tends to flow or follow the shape of its container; liquids and gases

Buoyancy: Hot-air Balloons

Hot air balloons rise into the air because the density of the air (warmer air) inside the balloon is less than the density of the air outside the balloon (cooler air). The balloon and the basket displaces a fluid that is heavier than the balloon and the basket, so it has a buoyant force acting on the system. Balloons tend to fly better in the morning, when the surrounding air is cool.

Sound
Speed of sound depends on the properties of the medium.
Travels markedly fast in solids and liquids. Cant travel in vacuum.

These are the few examples of threshold decibels of noises made:

Threshold Decibels
Threshold of hearing Rustling leaves Quiet whisper (3 feet) 0 dB 20 dB 30 dB Motorcycle (30 feet Food blender (3 feet) Subway (inside) 88 dB 90 dB 94 dB

Quiet home
Quiet street Normal conversation Inside car Loud singing (3 feet)

40 dB
50 dB 60 dB 70 dB 75 dB

Diesel truck (30 feet)

Power mower (3 feet) Pneumatic riveter (3 feet) Chainsaw (3 feet) Amplified Rock and Roll (6 feet)

100 dB 107 dB
115 dB 117 dB 120 dB 130 dB

Automobile (25 feet)

80 dB

Jet plane (100 feet)

Radioactivity
The spontaneous emission of radiation of particles as a result of radioactive decay, or the disintegration of an unstable nucleus All elements heavier than lead, from bismuth (atomic number = 83), are naturally radioactive

Radioactive Decay
Alpha decay the nuclide splits out an alpha particle, made up of two protons and two neutrons Beta decay the nuclide emits beta particles or electrons Gamma decay an excited nuclide releases its energy by emitting gamma rays

 Uranium-238 naturally disintegrates in a series of alpha and beta decays until it becomes lead-206, which is stable 1. Uranium-238 Thorium-234 + alpha 2. Thorium-234 Palladium-234 + beta minus 3. Palladium-234 Uranium-234 + beta minus Other radioactive decay series: thorium, neptunium, and actinium series

Radioactive Decay Series: Uranium

Fusion Process in the Sun

If a radio station were to increase its frequency from 94.5 MHz to 99.1 MHz, what would happen to the station's wavelength?

 The wavelength would go down. As frequency increases, wavelength decreases, and vice versa.

In the figure above, why are beta particles deflected more than alpha particles? Beta particles are less massive than alpha particles.

Radiation
The emissions from radioactive particles. Gamma rays have no mass and carry no electric charge. The neutron to proton ratio determines the stability of an atom.

 Alpha and beta particles are always associated with the formation of new atoms. Gamma rays are massless forms of energy that, on their own, do not lead to the formation of new atoms. Nuclear reactions change one element to another, a process called transmutation.

References
http://exploration.grc.nasa.gov/education/r ocket/newton.html http://www.gcsescience.com/pfm15.htm Santisteban, C.J. 2007. Breaking Through Physics. QC: C&E Publishing, Inc.