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LECTURE MATERIALS
1. INTRODUCTION (1X)
a. Definition b. Geophysical Methods and their main applications c. Level of Petroleum Investigation
1. GRAVITY (3X)
a. Introduction and general application of gravity data
2. MAGNETIC (1X)
a. General Application of Magnetic Data
LECTURE MATERIALS
1. INTRODUCTION (1X)
a. Definition b. Geophysical Methods and their main applications c. Level of Petroleum Investigation
1. GRAVITY (3X)
a. b. c. d. Introduction and general application of gravity data Gravity data analysis for Oil and Gas Exploration Paradigm Shift in Gravity data utilization Gravity data analysis for Oil and Gas Reservoir Monitoring (Time lapse)
2. MAGNETIC (1X)
a. General Application of Magnetic Data
Play
EXPLORATION
EXPLORATION PHASE
DELINEATION
DEVELOPMENT PRODUCTION
DEVELOPMENT & PRODUCTION PHASE
Frequently used of geophysical methods for surface recording and typical application
Geophysical method
Seismology
Typical applications
Comment on applicability
Exploration seismology is the most widely used geophysical method in petroleum exploration. Gravity survey are generally less expensive but have less resolving power than seismic exploration. Aeromagnetic surveys are widely used in both petroleum and mining application for determining large, deep structure. These methods are used most frequently in mining exploration and well logging (resistivity, SP, and induction log)
Gravity Surveys
Reconnaissance of largescale density anomalies in petroleum and mineral exploration Reconnaissance of the crustal magnetic properties, especially for determination of basement features
Magnetic Surveys
Mineral exploration
GRAVITY AND MAGNETIC ANALYSIS CAN ADDRESS VARIOUS PETROLEUM ISSUES (1)
ISSUE
GRAVITY & MAGNETIC TASK Depth to magnetic basement Regional basin enhancements
Source Rock Deposition Where were the source rocks deposited? How deep are the source rocks? Source Maturation Where are the cooking pots and fetch areas? What is the present-day heat influx into the basin and how much dose it vary? What is the thickness of the crust? What is the overburden?
Depth to magnetic basement Isostatic residual Sediment thickness Depth versus density modeling Regional structural modeling Curie point (regional heat flow) Delineation of volcanic Magnetic inversion Depth to magnetic basement Vertical fault identification Gradient analysis Regional depocenter and sediment path enhancement
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Seismic data Well data Density and Velocity data Heat-flow data
Hydrocarbon Migration How much relief is there on the basement? What are the shape of the cooking pots? Are major vertical conduits near surface areas? Are major lineations present and how do they relate with more recent geologic features?
Well and outcrop data Topography Remote sensing Seismic data Sequence stratigraphic analysis Seismicity
GRAVITY AND MAGNETIC ANALYSIS CAN ADDRESS VARIOUS PETROLEUM ISSUES (2)
ISSUE Reservoir Prediction Where are the thickest sediment? Where are the highest sand probability? Where was the sources of sedimentation? What is the influence of tectonic on deposition? Have the sediment depocenters shifted over time? What is the compaction history of the sediments? Do the sands have lateral continuity and connectivity? Trap Where are the major structures? What is the structural grain? Are faults in the sedimentary section? Are lateral porosity changes present? GRAVITY & MAGNETIC TASK Depocenter and sediment path enhancement. Integrated basin modeling Density inversion Provenance (magnetic lithology) determination Sedimentary magnetic analysis Paleomagnetic analysis Integrated velocity analysis (2-D and 3-D) Residuals and enhancements 2-D/3-D structural/stratigraphic modeling Fault identification gradient analysis Structural inversion Density inversion
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INTEGRATED WITH Seismic data Lithology data (outcrop and well) Sequence stratigraphic analysis Biostratigraphic data
Problem statement
1. How we can build reservoir model accurately? 2. How we can monitor and image the dynamic properties of reservoir until field termination? 3. How we can optimize production? 4. How we can improve the Recovery Factor?
Dynamic properties:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Well deliverability Reservoir connectivity Permeability Pressure change Phase change Reservoir compaction
Petrophysical Data
Petrophysical Model
Geochemical Data
Geochemical Model
Tracer Model
Tracer Data
Data Visualization
Integration of Dicipline
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Project phase
1) Exploration
Technology Involvement
Proven Petroleum System and Play Resources information Total hydrocarbon volume Areal limits of petroleum reservoir Deliverability
2) Delineation
3) Development
4) Production
http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/pi/4d4/what-is.html
http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/pi/4d4/what-is.html
PLAY IDENTIFICATION
PROSPECT CAPTURE
PROSPECT EVALUATION
RESOURCES APPRAISAL
RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT
TACTICS
Prospect identification and risk assessment Lease and G&G acquisition Tectonostratigraphic framework Basin Modeling
Play analysis
Establishing exploration focus and G&G expenditure
MAGNETIC UTILIZATION
Regional depth to magnetic basement Regional tectonic analysis Euler deconvolution Curie point analysis 20 km spacing 5 8 km grid 1 5 nT Continental grids, older surveys
Detailed basement interpretation Detailed fault and lineament analysis Delineation of volcanics, salt, and shale
Detailed, integrated 2D/3D modelingfaulting, basement structure, volcanic, salt edges, and sediment timing Depth slicing and lineament analysis Sedimentary magnetic analysis 0.5 - 1 km spacing 0.1 0.5 nT High-resolution, lowaltitude surveys
None published
2 5 km spacing 1 - 2 km grid 0.5 2 nT Modern digital surveys, marine surveys, digitized older analog surveys
0.25 0.5 km spacing 0.1 0.5 nT High-resolution, low-altitude surveys Borehole magnetometer
* Typical required resolution; needs to be tailored to source depth and signal strength
Gibson, R.I. & Millegan, P.S.; 1998
THE PARADIGM SHIFT IN GRAVITY DATA UTILIZATION BY USING THE HIGHER RESOLUTION OF GRAVITY DATA
GRAVITY DATA GRAVITY UTILIZATION PLAY IDENTIFICATION Isostatic residual Regional tectonic analisis Basin and depocenter enhancement Regional modeling Digital data integration (with remote sensing, etc) PROSPECT CAPTURE Semiregional structural / stratiigraphic modeling Target-spesific enhancements Layer stripping for improved delineation of exploration targets Sensitivity studies tied to density and lithology 0.2 1 mGal 1 5 km wavelength Conventional marine and land surveys PROSPECT EVALUATION Detailed, integrated 2D / 3D modeling (with seismic horizons, density, and velocity information) Porosity / pressure prediction Salt edge / base determination Enhanced velocity analysis RESOURCES APPRAISAL Integrated 3D rock properties and velocity modeling Integrated depth migration (pre-or poststack) Borehole gravityremote porosity detection Detection of shallow hazards RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT Integrated reservoir characterization Borehole gravity
0.1 0.5 mGal 0.5 2 km wavelength High-resolution land and marine surveys
0.1 0.5 mGal 0.2 1 km wavelength 0.01 0.005 mGal (borehole) High-resolution land, marine, and gradiometer surveys
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1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
2D or 3D Seismic
Borehole Seismic (Checkshot, VSP) 3D Seismic Reflection, Resistivity Time lapse Geophysics (4D Gravity, 4D Seismic)
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Drilling
Plan of Development Reservoir Monitoring