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Introduction
In the last chapter of this module we shall look into some special propeller and some other type of marine propulsion as well.
Also, in the chapter of this module we have seen that a good marine propeller can achieve 75-80 percent of ideal efficiency.
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Propulsors
Types of Propulsors
Propellers Fixed Pitch (fig. a) Controllable (Reversible) Pitch (fig. b) Ducted (fig. c) Thrusters (fig. d) Contra-rotating (fig. e) Super Cavitating (fig. f) Super piercing (fig. g) Jet Water jet (fig. h) Other type of marine Propulsors Voith-Schneider (fig. i) etc
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Types of Propulsors
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Propulsors
Propeller geometry
Propellers Blades (attached to the hub) Edge of the blade (Leading and Trailing edge) Surface of the blade (back and face) Blade section Chord line Angle of attack Camber line Pitch angle etc
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Sketch of a propeller
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Propulsors
Propeller Geometry
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Propulsors
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Propulsors
The propulsive performance of a screw propeller is dependent on: Geometry, Rotation rate Forward speed through the water.
An important method of designing a propeller is to determine its main features from the results of open-water experiments carried out with model propellers.
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Propeller Basics
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Propulsors
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Definitions (cont.)
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Parameter Studies
For preliminary design studies the open water diagram can be use straightway The Open water diagram are given as a function of J. For B-series open water diagram have been converted to two other types: Bp1-1/J and Bp2-1/J
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Propulsors
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Propulsors
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Propeller Coefficients
Thrust Coefficient (KT)
KT = KQ = J=
T r n2 D 4 Q rn2 D5
VA nD
h0 = TVA = J KT 2p nQ 2p KQ
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Propulsors
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Typical Chart
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Inputs: Design speed. Diameter constraints. EHP at design speed. Type and number of propellers (skew angle, blades, etc.). Wake fraction (w) and thrust deduction (t). Approach Select number of blades based on frequency of excitation (similar designs). Select area ratio based on cavitations limitations: The minimum area ratio allowed by cavitations or strength will have the best efficiency. In general, larger diameter is better. In general, lower RPM is better. If machinery sets RPM, then seek the optimum diameter. If stern aperture sets the diameter, seek the optimum RPM.
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Propulsors
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Nozzle Configurations
Regular duct
Wake distributor
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Propulsors
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Constraints on diameter caused by ship draft and hull form lead to inefficient propellers Two propellers on same shaft share loading and can thus the propeller diameter can be reduced Propellers rotating in same direction are called Tandem Propellers rotating opposite directions are Contra rotating Opposite direction allows after prop to recover rotational energy imparted to water by forward prop One shaft turns inside outer shaft Improved efficiency but higher drag and cost Should be avoided at higher rotational speeds because of effects from forward propeller cavitations on after propeller.
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Essentially a horizontal disc rotating about a vertical axis. By controlling the angle of the blades. A thrust can be produced in any desired direction vertical axis propeller are fitted in tugs or other cases where low speed maneuverability is desired. Gears set limitation on power.
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Summary
A description of the most important design features of marine propulsions was given. It was shown how test results of systematic propeller series can be used in the design of propellers. A propeller can now be designed in a preliminary way using the results of systematic tests with the B-series propellers. A critical judgement of several design parameters of screw propellers can be made. In a global way the geometry of a marine screw propeller was discussed.
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