FERTILISER MANAGEMENT

Anis Natira bt Ahmad Asri Rahimah bt Yaacob Click Ain bt Bahseis Noor to edit Master subtitle style

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INTRODUCTION
Fertilizers can be placed into categorieS oforganicfertilizers andinorganicfertilizers. Organic Fertilizers

Naturally occurring fertilizers include: Manure Worm castings Peat moss

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Inorganic Fertilizers

Naturally occurring inorganic fertilizers include sodium nitrate, mined rock phosphate and lime stone which is used to raise pH and calcium sources.

Macronutrients and Micronutrients

Fertilizers can be divided into macronutrients and micronutrients based on their concentration levels in 5/22/12

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objectives

The main objectives:

~ to supply each palm with adequate nutrients in balanced proportion to ensure healthy vegetative growth and optimum yields ~ to integrate the use of mineral fertilizers and palm residues ~ to minimize negative environmental impacts related to over5/22/12 fertilization.

TIMING OF APPLICATION
FERTILISER N TIME 2-3 years FREQUENCY Matured plants ~ 0.25-1.75 kg N palm-1 Young plants ~ 0.25-0.75 kg N palm-1 P ~0.3-0.4 kg P palm-1 (coastal clay soils) to 0.4-0.7 kg P palm-1 (inland soils) K Per 1 year Matured plants ~ 0.3 and 3.0 kg K palm-1 Mg 5/22/12 Per 1 year ~ 0.06-0.25 kg Mg palm-1

NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY
NITROGEN (N)

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Palms are stunted Older frond first appear uniformly pale green pale or bright yellow. Pinnae are narrow and roll inwards.

PHOSPHORU S (P)
- oil palm is stunted growth with short dark green fronds. - trunk diameter and bunch size also reduced. - palms show a pronounced pyramid shape.
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POTASSIUM (K)

- translucent yellow to orange or necrotic spotting on the oldest leaves - In young palms, K deficiency results in a flattopped appearance due to progressive frond shortening with each emerging leaf. - yield is retarded and it is translocated from mature leaves
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MAGNESIUM (Mg)

- the oldest leaves and appear as broad yellow bands along the periphery of the entire leaf, or in some fan palms, around each leaflet. - pinnae of older palm fronds are 5/22/12

METHOD OF APPLICATION 1.AERIAL METHOD

Suitable areas for oil palm have been developed in remote location. -short supply of manpower -difficult to maintain high standards of manual application

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AERIAL METHOD

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advantages associated with aerial application.

-Fertilizers are evenly applied over the target area. - Lateral distribution can be mastered by adjusting the swath width based on test runs where fertilizer is applied in an open area .- Minimal field supervision is required because fertilizer is delivered to the airstrip bin. - Application of fertilizer is supervised by reference to the aircraft tracking record and through periodic checks in the field.. -The amount of fertilizer applied is monitored using the weigh gauge fitted to the loading system. - A fertilizer program can be completed in a shorter time compared with manual application. -This may reduce losses as the timing of fertilizer application can be adjusted to local weather patterns.
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Equipment required for aerial fertilizer application includes the following:

-

aircraft, loader,

-Global Positioning System (GPS), -portable blender, - weighing equipment

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2.MECHANISED SPREADING most requirements in terms of even fertilizer application within fields, reduced labour requirements, and rapid application. Tractor-mounted spreaders can be used conveniently on flat mineral soils, but aerial fertilizer application is the only possible means for mechanical fertilizer application on peat soils and steeply sloping 5/22/12

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Example of mechanised spreading method

3.MANUAL APPLICATION

For immature palms, fertilizers are best applied within the drip circle because root development is quite limited during the first three years after field planting 5/22/12

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4.TRUNK INJECTION
q

By implementing the TRUNK INJECTION system, correction can be done to rectify the excess and insufficiency and the extreme weather conditions (dry and wet) that caused crop not to perform.

By trunk injection system, the normal losses of fertilizers by means of leaching, surface runoff, and various 5/22/12 other reasons for inefficiency of

STEP 1

Drilling palm with age above 5yrs old at 3 feet 5/22/12 height.

STEP 2

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Insertion of PVC pipe into the drilled hole.

STEP 3

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Injection of fertilizer to the entry point

5.FOLIAR FERTILIZER What is foliar application of fertilizers? Spraying with water containing fertilizer is known as foliar feeding. The leaves readily absorbed the nutrients, which can rapidly improve in the plant's condition. This method is often used to overcome deficiencies of micronutrients or to provide nutrients unavailable to the plant through the soil, such as iron and zinc. 5/22/12

Supplying nutrients during periods of peak demand when an immediate response is desired. Supplying certain nutrients, such as zinc, when soil or crop conditions are conductive to root uptake. Allowing precise timing of nutrient application related to the quality characteristics of the crop being grown. Reducing nitrate leaching in certain cropping systems. Providing a source of nutrients to satisfy crop demand temporarily until a soil application can be made.

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General Benefits
Maximum exploitation of yield potential Crop strengthening under stress situations

(pests & diseases, extreme climatic conditions etc.) Most efficient nutrient application under adverse soil conditions (high pH, salinity, low nutrient content, light soils etc.)
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6.BROADCASTING METHOD
This method refers to the uniform application of fertilizers across the entire soil surface. v This may be done before the land is ploughed, immediately before planting, or while the crop is standing. v Fertilizers may be broadcast on the surface then tilled or watered into soil, or banded on or beneath the soil surface. Broadcasting is efficient and 5/22/12 often the method of choice in areas
v

Disadvantages of broadcasting
The main disadvantages of application of fertilizers through broadcasting are: i) Nutrients cannot be fully utilized by plant roots as they move laterally over long distances. ii) The weed growth is stimulated all over the field. iii) Nutrients are fixed in the soil as they 5/22/12 come in contact with a large

7.FUNCTION OF LEGUMES COVER CROPS

Cover crops normally legume plants such as Calopogonium caeruleum, Pueraria javanica and Mucuna bracteata The main functions of such ground cover are to protect the soil from erosion and enrich the organic matter; the latter improves the soil structure leading to better aeration, infiltration and retention of moisture. The cover plants also minimise leaching losses of nutrients and reduce competition from noxious weeds. When selecting ground cover plants, 5/22/12 preference is always given to legumes because

Calopogonium caeruleum

Mucuna bracteata

Pueraria javanica 5/22/12

8.OLD FRONDS AND EMPTY BUNCHES AS FERTILIZER

Biomass like pruned fronds, empty fruit bunches (EFB) and old palm stems are an excellent source of fertilizer, high in potassium, nitrate, magnesium, phosphate and other soil nutrients.

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Water used in processing palm fruits palm oil mill effluent (POME) - is biologically treated and returned to the land for its fertilizer and moisture benefits. The soil filters the organic matter and nutrients, returning clean water to the ground. POME, combined with EFB, produces compost. Used in sufficient amounts, it replaces 66% of chemical fertilizers otherwise required.

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COMPARISM BETWEEN ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FERTILISERS

Real Strong Bio-Organic fertilizer Contain! 17 elements of micro and macro such as N, P, K, Mg, Ca, Co, Si, B, Fe, Mo, Zn, Mn, S, C, H, CI, O. Chemical Fertilizer Only contain! N.P.K and minimum of Mg and Ca. Not contain any effective micro organisms (affected effective micro organisms after long time been used) Used kaolin as substances, soil become hardness and less of oxygen after long time been used. Nutrients easy leaking(when rainy season and monsoon season).

Contain! 8 types of effective microorganisms and enzyme (helping decomposition and produce nutrients).

Used quality materials such as rice, cocoa bean, coconut copra, volcano ash and others substances. Slow released, fast, additional, nutrients difficulties to leaking, to be released slowly.

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Soil more fertile when pH increased to 6-7, prevented disease and insect attack.

Soil become acidic, hardness, easy attack by disease and insect.

Effectiveness of fertilizer are slow, last until Effectiveness of fertilizer mare faster, last 70-100 days. until 30-50 days. Increased effectiveness of chemical fertilizer, reduced production cost. increased yields and quality, fertilizer absorption capacity, prevent and reduced soil erosion occurred. Soil biological were changed and prevent toxicology of agro-chemical and heavy metal pollution. Increased plant coloring and sweeten.

Increased nitrate and nitrite contain in plant after long time been used will reduced quality of product.

Increased toxicology contain of agrochemical will caused pollution to soil and water sources. Reduced plant coloring and sweeten.

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THE END
Thank you
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