Permanent mandibular premolars

Posterior Permanent Dentition

premolars and molars
The crown of each posterior tooth has an occlusal surface, bordered distally & mesially by marginal ridges

The occlusal surfaces have two or more cusps Imagine each cusp as a mountain with sloping

areas, or cusp ridges, extending from the top of the mountain

 Each shallow, wide depression on the occlusal table

is a fossa:

central fossa , is located where the cusp ridges

converge in a central point, where the grooves meet

triangular fossa
Sometimes located in the deepest portions of the

fossa are occlusal developmental pits.

more grooves meet.

Each pit is a sharp pinpoint depression where two or

1 2 3

Permanent Premolars
There are eight premolars in the permanent

dentition, two in each quadrant. They are located posterior to the canines & immediately anterior to the molars:so they called transitional tooth

Mandibular First Premolars

The 4th tooth from the median line The 1st post. Tooth in mandible 1) B cusp is long & sharp & the only occluding cusp

2) BL miasurment is similar to canine

3) The occlusal surface slopes sharply lingually in

cervical direction 4) MB cusp ridge is shorter than DB cusp ridge 5) The tooth has more than one cusp

 The mandibular first

premolars have a long and well-formed buccal cusp and a small, nonfunctioning lingual cusp.
The lingual cusp may be no

larger than the cingulum on some maxillary canines.

The mandibular first

premolars are smaller and shorter than the mandibular second premolars.

Buccal aspect
Crown is nearly symmetrical bilaterally & trapezoidal

1) Large pointed B cusp,located a little M to the center of cusp buccally

2) M cusp ridge shorter than D cusp ridge

3) The contact area almost at the same level at M & D,

a little more than half of distance from cervical line to cusp tip

4) H of C is in the contact area in M,D

& in cervical third in B 5) B surface of the crown is more convex than Max premolars, especially at cervical & middle thirds

Lingual aspect
The crown tapers toward the LL measurement MD

is less than that buccally 1) L cusp is always small,usually shows pointed tip 2) The cervical portion is narrow & convex 3) concavities between the cervical line & contact areas on L portion of M & D surface 4) Characteristic of this surface:ML developmental groove as a line of demarcation between the MB lobe & the L lobe & extends in to the M fossa of occlusal surface 5) H of C is in middle third

Mesial aspect
1) The Crown outline is rhomboidal 2) The tip of B cusp is nearly centered over the root 3) The convexity of the outline of L lobe is L to the

outline of root,the surface of the crown presents an overhang above the root trunk in L direction 4) The convexity of L surface curvature is less than B 5) The crest of curvature is near middle third in B & L 6) Contact area & M marginal ridge more occlusally than D surface

Distal aspect
1) Marginal ridge is higher above the cervix, does not 2) 3)

4) 5) 6)

have the extreme L slope of M marginal ridge There is no DL developmental groove(we can see ML.D.G in M surface) D contact area is broader than M,it centered in the same relation of the crown outline: midway between B & L crests of curvature, midway between cervical line & the tip of B cusp The surface of root D, exhibits more convexity D surface is smaller occ-cervically but broader B-L Contact area more cervically in comparison to M

Occlusal aspect
1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

6) 7) 8) 9)

Usually Diamond shaped Middle B lobe makes up the major bulk of crown B ridge is prominent MB & DB line angles are prominent but rounded The curvature representing contact areas,immediately L to the B line angle,are relatively broad,specially in D The L cusp is small M & D fossa:D fossa more deep than M ML developmental groove & depression D pit: intersection of central, marginal D, DB triangular & DL triangular grooves

root
1) One conical root
2) Pointed apex 3) BL width more than MD

4) Convex B & L surface,convex to flat M & D surface

5) The convexity of root in D is more than M 6) The root outline is tapered from cervix ending in a

relatively pointed apex in line with the tip of B cusp

Mandibular second premolar

erupt distal to the mandibular first premolars They are the succedaneous replacements for the

primary mandibular second molars premolar:

There are two forms of the mandibular second

Three-cusp type, or tricuspidate form Two-cusp type, or bicuspidate form

 The 5th tooth from the midline Resembles 1st premolar only from B aspect

The tooth is larger and better developed in other aspect

Lingual cusps are functional & better developed

The two types differ mainly in occlusal design

Single root Larger & longer root than 1st premolar

Buccal aspect
Shorter B cusp

Both M & D contact area are broad & seems to be higher(because of shorter B cusp)

Lingual aspect
Lingual lobes are developed to a greater degree In 3cusp type ML cusp is larger,a groove between

them usually centered over the root In 2cusp type: DL developmental groove

Mesial aspect
Crown & root are wider buccolingually B cusp is not so nearly centered over the root trunk

The marginal ridge is at right angle to the long axis

No ML developmental groove

Distal aspect
D Marginal ridge is at a lower level than M The crown of all posterior teeth(maxillary &

mandibular)are tipped D to the long axis of rootsit is an important observation in study of occlusion

Occlusal aspect
3cusps type:
Appears square shape B cusp is the largest,ML cusp is the next,DL is the smallest Deep Developmental grooves converge in a central pit,

form a Y shape on the occlusal surface

2cusps type
Round occlusal shape ML & DL line angles are rounded One well developed L cusp is directly opposite the B cusp

root
The root is broader MD than 1st premolar The apex is more blunt & the root is Longer Much less convergence toward L than 1st premolar

Crown Length

Root length

MD diameter

BL diameter

Eruption

8.5
22.5

14

7.5

10-12

Crown Length Root length MD diameter BL diameter Eruption

8
22.5

14.5

11-12