A FTA Presentation On 400 KV SWITCHYARD

Presented By: RAMKRISHNA 009592 Emp no-

Presentation outline
Understanding basics of switchyard Switchyard equipments and schemes Functions of various equipments Brief description of modes of transmission

What is a Switchyard ?
It is a switching station which has the following credits : (i) Main link between Generating plant and Transmission system, which has a large influence on the security of the supply. (ii) Step-up and/or Step-down the voltage levels depending upon the Network Node. (iii) Switching ON/OFF Reactive Power Control devices, which has effect on Quality of power.

Power evacuation from switchyard

400 KV LINES

VINDHYACHAL-JABALPUR # 1 VINDHYACHAL-JABALPUR # 2 VINDHYACHAL-JABALPUR # 3 VINDHYACHAL-JABALPUR # 4 VINDHYACHAL- SATNA # 1 VINDHYACHAL- SATNA # 2 VINDHYACHAL- SATNA # 3 VINDHYACHAL- SATNA # 4 VINDHYACHAL- KORBA # 1 VINDHYACHAL- KORBA # 2

POWER ALLOCATION
Stage I & II

Stage III 23.9% 31.9% 23.1% 4.2% 1.9%

Gujrat MH MP CG Goa, daman, dadar & nagar haweli

23.6% 36.1% 29.5% 3.4% 7.4%

Clearances The minimum clearances for 400 KV switchyard are as follows:

Type of Clearance Phase to Earth clearance Phase to Phase clearance Section clearance 400 KV

3800mm

4000 mm

6500 mm

System Parameters parameters

Highest System Voltage Lightning Impulse Voltage Switching Impulse Voltage Power Freq withstand voltage for 1 minute Maximum Fault Level (for 1 second) Minimum Creepage dist 400 KV 420 KV RMS 1425 KVp 1050 KVp 630 KV RMS 40 KA 10500 mm

OUTGOING LINE

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF 400KV SWICTHYARD SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF 400KV SWICTHYARD

PICTORIAL VIEW OF 400KV SWITCHYARD AT VSTPS

PICTORIAL VIEW OF 400KV SWITCHYARD AT VSTPS

Bay Details
There are 38 nos. of 400 KV bays in VSTPS switchyard. 1) 10 Nos. of 400 KV, GT Bay 2) 3 Nos. of 400/132 KV, 200 MVA ICT Bay 3) 10 Nos. of 400 KV Line Bay 4) 4 Nos. of 400 KV Bus Sections 5) 3 Nos. of Bus Coupler Bay 6) 3 Nos. of Transfer Bus Coupler 7) 2 Nos. of HVDC bay

SWITCHYARD EQUIPMENTS
Equipments commonly found in switchyard :

Circuit breaker Isolator Instrument transformer Surge arrestor Shunt reactor Wave trap Inter connecting transformer Neutral grounding reactor Post insulator DC system Earthing

Functions of various equipments :

Circuit breakers : - Makes or automatically breaks the electrical circuits under Loaded condition. Isolators : - Opens or closes the electrical circuits under No-load conditions. Instrument transformers : - For stepping-down the electrical parameter (Voltage or Current) to a lower and safe value for Metering and Protection logics. Lightning arrestors : - Safe guards the equipment by discharging the high currents due to Lightning. Earth switch : - Used to connect the charged body to ground to discharge the trapped charge to have a safe maintenance zone.

Post insulator: - used for supporting bus bars, CTs, PTs, CBs etc. ICT: - used to interconnect two grids/system operating at two different voltages. NGR: - used for low impedance grounding of high voltage system to limit the line to ground fault current under system fault conditions. DC system: - required for control and protection supply for switchgear, indications, annunciation system and also for emergency lighting.

Overhead earth wire : - Protects the O/H transmission line from Lightning strokes. Bus bar : - Conductors to which a number of circuits are connected. Wave Traps/Line traps : - Used in PLCC circuits for Communication and telemetering. Reactive Power control devices : - Controls the reactive power imbalance in the grid by switching ON/OFF the Shunt Reactors, Shunt Capacitors etc. Current Limiting Reactors : - Limits the Short circuit currents in case of fault.

2.1 CIRCUIT BREAKER

Can break or make the circuit on load and even on faults. SF6 gas is used for arc quenching medium since it has outstanding arcquenching properties and very good dielectric strength . Each pole of breaker consists of 2 interrupter unit, a bell crank mechanism with grading capacitors & PIR. Bell Crank Mechanism converts the vertical movement of operating rod into linear horizontal movement of moving parts of interrupter & PIR. Grading Capacitor ensures uniform voltage distribution in open

400KV SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER WITHOUT PIR

400KV SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER WITH PIR

400 KV ABCB

400 KV Circuit Breaker parameters Rated Voltage Rated continuous current Rated short ckt breaking current Rated short ckt making current Rated short ckt current duration Closing time Opening time 420 kV (rms) minimum 2000A/3150A 40 kA 2.5 x 40 kA 3 sec 100 ms (max) 22 ms (max)

2.2 ISOLATOR
Operates on no load. It is not meant for breaking load currents. It merely acts as a disconnecting switch for isolation of equipments from live parts when required for maintenance purpose. It can be opened only when Circuit Breaker is in open position.

Types of Isolators:Horizontal Centre Break isolator Pantograph Isolator

400KV HORIZONTAL CENTRAL BREAK TYPE ISOLATOR

Pantograph Isolator:-

TECHNICAL PARAMETERS 400KV ISOLATOR Rated voltage Rated continuous current Rated insulation level 1) Rated one minute power frequency withstand voltage 520 KVrms (between live terminals and earth) 610 KVrms (across isolating distance) 2) Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage 1425 KVP (between line terminals and earth) 1425 KVP impulse on one terminal and 240 KVP power frequency voltage of opposite polarity on other terminals. 420 kV (rms) 2000 A/3150 A

2.3 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

Instrument transformers are used for measurement and protection purposes. Types :1) Current Transformer: Steps downs current from high to low value. Connected in series with the main circuit 2) Capacitor Voltage Transformer: Capacitor voltage divider type with electromagnetic unit (EMU). EMU comprises of compensating reactor, intermediate transformer, protective and damping devices.

400KV CLASS CT

400KV CLASS CVT

ECHNICAL PARAMETERS 00KV CT (OIL FILLED TYPE) Rated current Number of cores 2000A(peak) 5(Four for protection & one for metering) Rated frequency System neutral earthing Rated system voltage 50 Hz effectively earthed 420 kV (rms)

CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER (CVT) PARAMETERS Rated frequency System neutral earthing Rated voltage Rated total thermal burden Number of cores Installation Rated insulation level 1) 1.2/50 microsecond impulse 400kV 50 Hz effectively earthed 420 kV (rms) 750 VA 5(five) outdoor 1425 kVP

2.4 SURGE ARRESTOR Provides protection against lightning or any surge developing. Discharges high frequency over voltages to the ground. Non linear characteristics.

TECHNICAL PARAMETERS
Particular Rated system voltage Rated arrestor voltage Minimum discharge capability Switching surge residual voltage (1kA) One minute power frequency withstand voltage of arrestor housing Impulse withstand voltage of arrestor 400 kV 420 kV 390 kV 8 kJ/kV corresponding to minimum discharge characteristic 730 kVP- minimum 780 kVP maximum 630 kV(rms)

1425 kVP

Maximum residual voltage at 1) 2) 10 kA nominal discharge current 20 kA "

900 kVP 975 kVP

2.5 SHUNT REACTOR Provided at sending & receiving end of long transmission line Switched on when the line is to be charged or line is on low load to avoid Ferranti Effect by neutralizing shunt capacitance of such lines. TECHNICAL PARAMETERS Rated voltage Rated MVAR Number of phases System fault level Connection 420 kV 50 at rated voltage 3 40 kA with neutral through load

Insulation level 1) Lightning impulse 1.2/50 microsecond withstand voltage 2) Switching surge withstand voltage 3) One minute power frequency withstand voltage Cooling system Ratio of zero sequence reactance ONAN 1050 kV(peak) 630 kV(rms) 1300 kV(peak)

400KV CLASS SHUNT REACTOR

2.6 POST INSULATOR It is used for supporting bus bars, CTs, PTs, CBs etc. in the switchyard. Post type insulator consists of a particular part permanently secured in a metal base to be mounted on the supporting structure.

2.7 WAVE TRAP Wave trap is inserted into high voltage transmission line to prevent undue loss of carrier signal for all power system conditions. Its impedance is negligible at power frequency so as not to disturb power transmission but is relatively high over the frequency band of carrier . TECHNICAL PARAMETERS Rated power frequency Rated system voltage Rated continuous current Type of tuning 50 Hz 400 kV 2000 A/3150 A Broad band

2.8 INTERCONNECTING TRANSFORMER: Are normally autotransformer Used to interconnect two grids/system operating at two different system voltages (ie.400/132 KV). Characterized by wide tapping range & an additional tertiary winding which may be loaded or unloaded. Unloaded tertiary winding acts a stabilizing winding by providing a path for the third harmonic currents. TECHNICAL PARAMETRS: MVA Rating Voltage Ratio 200/120/80 400/132/33 KV

Insulation level: HV winding1. Lightning impulse withstand voltage 1425 KVp 2.CW Impulse withstand voltage LV winding1.Lightning impulse withstand voltage 2.CW Impulse withstand voltage MV winding1. Lightning withstand voltage 2. Magnetizing inrush current (Amps) 650 KVp 4 times the rated current 250 KVp 90 KVrms 1570 KVp

ICT

2.9 NEUTRAL GROUND REACTOR(NGR): Neutral grounding reactors are used for low impedance grounding of high voltage systems. They limit the line to ground fault current under system fault conditions by providing additional reactance which neutralizes the capacitive currents. Rating Under balanced operating conditions, there is essentially no continuous current flowing through the neutral grounding reactor. Therefore, the rated current of this reactor is considered to be the thermal short time current under fault conditions . The duration of the short time rating is time dependent, and is specified as 10 sec or 1minute

2.10 DC SYSTEM DC is required for control and protection supply for switchgear, indications, annunciation system, communication system etc. DC supply is also required for emergency lighting. The commonly used voltage levels are 220 V for motors, for controls & protection schemes and 48 V for communication.

Modes of Transmission

AC transmission
Advantages
- Power can be generated at high voltages. - Step-up/Step-down is possible.

Disadvantages
- Requires more copper. - Due to Skin effect, the effective resistance is increased - Continuous loss of power due to charging current even when the line is open. - Requirement of Transposition of conductors.

DC transmission
Advantages - Low cost due to less copper requirement
- No Stability and synchronizing problems. - Asynchronous lines (Interregional ties) - No increase in Fault level if interconnected. - Less Corona and RI. - Better Voltage regulation due to absence of Inductance. - Requires less insulation as the potential stress is less.

Disadvantages
- Higher generation is not possible due to commutation - Step-up/Step-down is not possible.

HVDC transmission Vs EHV AC transmission

Cost Break Even distance
C VA EH e LinHVDC Line

HVDC Preferred EHVAC Preferred

100 300 500 700 900 1100

Cost of Substation

km