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What it is?
A mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from the steam and converts into Mechanical work
Classification
Impulse or Reaction Single stage or Multi stage Velocity or Pressure Compounded Axial or Radial flow Single or Multi Cylinder Nozzle or Bypass Governing Condensing, Back Pressure, Topping or Mixed Pressure
IMPULSE TURBINE
Uses impact force of the steam jet on the blades to turn the shaft Steam expands on passing through nozzles Pressure reduces and velocity increases Through moving blades pressure remains constant while velocity decreases No expansion in moving blades
Pressure compounded
REACTION TURBINES
Rotor blades themselves are arranged to form convergent nozzles Makes use of the reaction force as steam accelerates through nozzles formed by the rotor
RANKINE CYCLE
TURBINE LAYOUT
ESV1 CV1
CRH
EXCI TER
TURBINE COMPONENTS
Casing Rotor Blades Sealing System Stop and Control Valves Couplings and Bearings Barring Gear / Turning Gear
TURBINE CASING
Holds fixed blade diaphragms Axially split in two parts (Upper and Lower casing) HP Single flow IP Single or Double flow LP Double flow Smaller Units (100 MW) only HP and LP turbines More smaller units (70 or below) single shell having HP and LP turbines
HP ROTOR
Machined from single Cr-Mo-V steel forging with integral discs Balancing holes machined in moving wheels to reduce axial thrust Blades are shrouded
IP ROTOR
Few discs integrally forged while others are shrunk fit Shaft of high creep resistant Cr-Mo-V steel forging Shrunk fit discs are machined from high strength nickel steel forgings Wheels are shrouded
LP ROTOR
Shrunk fit discs at Shafts Shaft forging of Cr-Mo-V steel Discs of high strength nickel steel forgings Blades secured to respective discs by riveted fork root fastening Lacing wires provided to dampen the vibrations and match frequency of blades Stellite strips provided at leading edges of last two stages to protect them against wet steam erosion
BLADES
Most costly items of turbine When fixed in stationary part guide blades / nozzles When fixed in moving part rotating / working blades Three main parts: Aerofoil: Working part Root Shrouds Shroud to prevent steam leakage and guide steam to next stage Effective sealing to be provided since pressure drop occurs across moving blades in reaction turbines Lacing wires to dampen vibrations in longer blades
Sealing
Sealing steam provided at the glands (1 1.5 ksc, 130o 150o C) To prevent escape of steam or ingress of air Constrictions by means of labyrinth sealing Air vapour mixture sucked out by means of steam ejector Used for control of expansion
Bearings
Journal Bearings 6 Nos. Thrust Bearing 1 No. Forced Lubricated Provision of Jacking oil in some
Located at Turbine end of the TG unit Supports turbine casing and bears rotor Houses following components:
Journal Bearing Hydraulic Turning Gear Main oil pump with hydraulic speed transducer Electric Speed transducer Over speed trip Shaft Vibration pick up Bearing vibration pick up
Barring Gear
To keep the rotor rotating prior to start up and after shut down Rotated by Double Row Blade wheel driven by oil provided by AOP / Electric motor coupled with gear Shaft speed 210 / 240 / 3.4 rpm
Normal Operation 3000 rpm Barring Gear 3.4 rpm Critical Speeds:
1585, 1881, 2017 & 2489 rpm 40 minutes under vacuum 20 minutes without vacuum
Coasting Down:
Valves
ESV (Emergency Stop Valve) 1 or 2 nos. actuated by servo motor / protection system immediate stoppage of steam supply IV (Interceptor Valve) 2 nos. Control Valves 2 to 8 nos. depending upon design to regulate steam flow to turbine
Couplings
Purpose
To reduce wear and tear of rotating elements To maintain Bearing Temperature Sealant in Hydrogen Cooling system of Generator Working fluid in Governing system Barring gear operation
Components
Main Oil Pump (MOP) Starting Oil Pump Aux. Oil Pump (AOP) Emergency Oil Pump DC operated Jacking Oil Pump Main Oil Tank Oil Coolers Oil Injectors Oil Filters Centrifuge (to remove moisture & impurities) Vapour Extractors
CONDENSATE SYSTEM
What it is?
Steam after condensing in the condenser collected in Hot well Extracted out by CEP Taken to deaerator through ejectors, gland steam coolers and series of LP heaters
CEP
Converts last stage steam of LPT to water CEP
CONDENSER
GSC
CPU
CONDENSER
Condensate Flow
LPH2
LPH3 TO DEAREATOR
DRIPWATER CONDENSER
DRIPWATER CONDENSER
DRIPWATER CONDENSER
CONDENSER
D/A LPT 3RD STAGE LPT 5RD STAGE LPT 7RD STAGE
BFP
LPH3 DRIP
LPH2 DRIP
LPH1 DRIP
DC
CONDENSER
A Feedwater heater is a component used to pre-heat water delivered to the boiler. Preheating the feedwater reduces the amount of energy needed to make steam and thus reduces plant operation costs. This improves the thermodynamic efficiency of the system.
Deaerator
The presence of certain gases, principally oxygen, carbon-di-oxide and ammonia, dissolved in water is generally considered harmful because of their corrosive attack on metals, particularly at elevated temperatures. function is to remove dissolved gases from the feed water by mechanical means.
Feed Water System The main equipments coming under this system are: Boiler Feed Pump : Three per unit of 50% capacity each located in the '0' meter level in the TG bay. High Pressure Heaters: Normally three in number and are situated in the TG bay Drip Pumps : Generally two in number of 100% capacity each situated beneath the LP heaters.
Main Pump
Hydraulic Coupling
18
Lo
From HPH
Hi
Hi
VACUUM SYSTEM
By condensing the exhaust steam of turbine, the exhaust pressure is brought down below atmospheric pressure, increasing the steam pressure drop between inlet and exhaust of steam turbine. This further reduction in exhaust pressure gives out more heat per unit weight of steam input to the steam turbine, for conversion to mechanical power.
STEAM EJECTORS
Nozzle Discharge to condenser Convergent divergent diffuser
Motive steam
SOURCES
Auxiliary boiler. Station PRDS header (from other running units) Under unit running condition Steam for turbine auxiliary steam header is normally taken from extraction lines depending on load on the turbine sources may be:
Main steam line through pr and temp reducing valves CRH line
To turbine gland seal header. To ejector system of condenser (main as well as starting ejector).
to Deaerator as pegging steam
For flange & stud heating. Interconnection to station PRDS header for supplying aux steam to other units.
29/14
Used for quick starting of turbine from warm or cold start. Helps in reducing the temperature difference of the metal to reduce thermal stress. The device consists of jackets welded to side walls of casing flanges and special piping complete with fittings and measuring instruments for steam inlet, outlet, and drains. The flanges and studs are heated with live steam bled from pipelines before main stop valve (ESV).
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