Presentation On All Products With Detailed CCV and CT

Instrument Transformers
Bangalore Site

January 2006
Deepak.V
Products Profile and Details
> Instrument Transformers - (ITR)- RMK Site - December 2005 3 3
A Competitive Site in an International Group

4 Units, 874 Employees *

AREVA T&D Instrument Transformers
Manufacturing Unit
Brazil
Mexico
France
India
* 2005 figures
A Competitive Site in an International Group

CODENSA
COLOMBIA
245 KV
EDELCA
VENEZUELA
800 KV
SEGBA
ARGENTINA
525 KV
UTE
URUGUAY
525 KV
FURNAS
BRAZIL
800 KV
TRANSELEC
CHILE
525 KV
Empower Satisfied Partners Worldwide
BPA
USA
525 KV
HYDRO QUEBEC
CANADA
800 kV
AEP
USA
800 kV
BC HYDRO
CANADA
525 KV
APS
USA
525 KV
CFE
MEXICO
420 kV
GUIZHOU E.P.C.
CHINA
525 kV
PLN
INDONESIA
525 kV
TNB
MALAYSIA
275 KV
PGCIL/NTPC/SEB
INDIA
420 kV
EVN
VIETNAM
550kV
KEGOC
KAZAKHSTAN
500 kV
POWERNET
AUSTRALIA
550 KV
RAO EES
RUSSIA
800 kV
ZHEJIANG
CHINA
525 kV
ONE
MOROCCO
245 KV
SONELGAZ
ALGERIA
245 KV
CIE
IVORY COAST
245 KV
ESKOM
S. AFRICA
420 KV
STEG
TUNISIA
245 KV
EEA
EGYPT
245 KV
REE
SPAIN
420 KV
EDF
FRANCE
420 KV
NGT
UK
420 KV
ELIA
BELGIUM
420 KV
E -ON
GERMANY
420 KV
ENEL
ITALY
420 KV
AREVA T&D Instrument Transformers are installed in the four corners of the world :
Bangalore Site

AREVA T&D
Instrument Transformers India Private Limited
Built area : 16,350 sq.m
People : 250
Workers : 173
Engineers & Employees : 77
Activities
HV Instrument Transformers
Line Traps
Condenser Bushings

Bangalore
India - Bangalore Site
AREVA T&D
Instrument Transformers India Private Limited
India - Bangalore Site
Current Transformers (Paper-oil) up to 765 kV
Capacitor Voltage Transformers (Paper/Film/Oil) up to 765 kV
Line Traps up to 1mh / 3150A & 800kV
Condenser Bushings up to 420 kV
An History of Innovative Excellence
1976 - WSI is created
(Line Traps and Capacitor Voltage Transformers)
1977 - Started Bushings manufacture
1983 - WSI started Current Transformers production (420 kV)
1991 - ISO-9001 Certification
2000 - WSI Bangalore unit sold to ALSTOM group
2002 - Commercialization of mixed dielectric technology (CCV)
for Capacitor Voltage Transformers as per AREVA T&D
design
2005 - IS0-14001:2004 certification for environmental system
2005 - Plant becomes part of AREVA T&D
2005 - Top core Current Transformers (CTH) transferred from
AREVA T&D
Bangalore Site at a Glance
A leader and a Pioneer
30 years of operating experience in India
First manufacturer in India for
3600 Amps Current Transformers
Only manufacturer of Wall-to Wall
and Oil-Oil bushings in India
First manufacturer of 400 kV (8800pF)
Capacitor Voltage Transformers in India
First manufacturer of 1mH / 3150 Amps
Line Traps in India
Over 25,000 Current Transformers
and Capacitor Voltage Transformers
in operation
Over 40,000 Line Traps on site
Bangalore Site at a Glance
We are un-compromising about our quality production
process techniques, safety and efficiency
State-of-the-art facility for oil treatment and impregnation
Optimized flow of materials and components
Dust-free room for Capacitor Voltage Transformers winding
Current Transformers taping carried out in high pressure room
In-house testing capability
World-class Manufacturing
We are un-compromising about our quality production
process techniques, safety and efficiency
Only qualified, skilled/trained and experienced personnel
Training programs to maintain high performances
Safe & pleasant work environment to encourage efficient,
quality work
Technical & commercial interactions between Bangalore and
other global AREVA T&D Units
Our experts regularly participate in technical conferences

People Power
We have embarked on a total quality process
Reliable quality management system
Continuous improvement through effective communication
Innovation & investment in the products, processes, services,
environment and human resources
ISO-9001:2000 certification
ISO-14001:2004 certification

Quality First
Bangalore Site - Product Lines
Overview

Instrument Transformers in India
Product Lines
Hair pin / eye bolt design current transformers
ITT and IT type
Designed according to our Indian
customers most exacting requirements
Extensive field experience
Low maintenance
Designed to withstand 600 multiple
chopped impulse
Flexible design
These CTs are installed throughout India and are highly respected
by network managers and substation personnel alike
Product Lines
Top Core design current transformers
CTH type up to 765 kV
Reinforced security design
Top core design with metal head
High quality paper-oil insulation.
Oil expansion by stainless steel bellows
Stable accuracy over a long period of time
Extensive experience in highly active
seismic regions
Compact construction
Single, double or triple ratio at the primary side
Top-of-the-range Current Transformers (CTH type) :
the next wave of Bangalore production
Product Lines
Capacitor Voltage Transformers (Paper/Film/Oil)
CCV type up to 765 kV
Optimized design for high reliability and longevity;
maintenance free
Superior transient response
Optimized insulation technology (mixed PPR / Paper),
high grade synthetic oil
Effective protection against ferroresonance
Operations as coupling capacitor for power line carrier
transmission
Stability of capacitance and accuracy over many years
This range is manufacturing in India using the most
modern insulation impregnation technology and equipment
Product Lines
up to 800 kV
can operate within the 30 kHz to 500 kHz frequency range
Flexible mounting options
High short-circuit withstand capability
Light weight
Reliable open-style design (OSD)
Excellent cooling capabilities
Extremely reliable tuning devices
Maintenance free
Over 40,000 Line Traps on site
Line Traps
Product Lines
Oil-to-air
Oil-impregnated paper (OIP)
External shell : porcelain envelope
Partial discharges < 5pC at 1.5 Un / \ 3
Specially treated mineral oil
Power factor tap, air draining plug & oil side
shield provided
Prismatic oil sight glass with option of MOLG
above 145 kV
Flange of aluminum alloy casting
High creepage bushings on request
Suitable for connecting outdoor equipment to high voltage
transformers
High voltage Condenser Bushings up to 420 kV
Basics of Instrument Transformer
Magnetic circuit (core)
Instrument Transformer
Sensing function
U
1

U
2

Voltage sensor
Secondary
Windings
Primary
Windings
Sensing function
I
2

I
1

Current sensor
I
2

Sensing function
I
2

Current sensor
Multiple secondary
I
1

K :
Transformation
ratio
Primary
U
1

Secondary
U
2

Voltage Transformer :
K
n
n
U
U
2
1
2
1
= =
1
n
2
n
Definition of an
Primary I
1

Secondary I
2

Current Transformer :
K
n
n
I
I
I . n I . n
1
2
2
1
2 2 1 1
= =
=
Ampere-Turns
Conservation
Law
1
n
2
n
Definition of an
K :
Transformation
ratio
K.U
s

Instrument Transformer Error
Secondary
Primary
U
p

U
s

K
U
p
(theoretically = k.U
S
)
|: Phase error
Voltage Transformer :
s
p
U
U
k =
Secondary
Primary
I
p

I
s

K
TC : K=
I
p
I
s
K.I
s

I
p

|: Phase error
Current transformer :
Instrument Transformer Error
Reminder
6
eff
eff
10 S B n 2 E
S B f n 44 4 E
=
=
. . . .
. . . . ,
Volts,W/m,m
at 50 Hz,Gauss, cm
EMF Equation
Electrodynamical Forces
L
D
I
1

F
F
I
2

A] m, [N, 10 .
D
L . I . I . 2
F
7
2 1

=
Magnetization
curve
Double logarithmic
graph
I
n
d
u
c
t
i
o
n

[
G
a
u
s
s
]

10
2

10
3

10
5

10
4

18.000 Gauss
Magnetic field [AT/cm]
10
-
3
10
-
2
10
-
1
1
Compared to reference curves
1 Tesla = 10
4

Gauss
Induction [B]
Magnetic
field [H]

Hc
Br
Br : Remanent Induction
Hc : Coercive field
Reminder
Hysteresis cycle
Reminder
R
cuivre

I
0

L
0

R
CF

I
w

Equivalent scheme of a coil with sinusoidal current
u
U
I
w

R
H

I

U
I

I
0

o
w
i i i
0

+ =

A
Current Transformers
Top Core Design - CTH range

1. Top cover
2. Oil level indicator
3. Oil expansion device
4. Metal box LV screen and cores
5. Bar-type or wound type primary
6. Paper-oil insulation
7. Porcelain insulator
8. LV screens
9. Secondary terminal box
10. Base
Full Range of HV Technologies
Current Transformers (Paper/Oil) up to 765 kV - CTH range
Current Transformers -- CTH 72.5 to 765 kV
Performance:
Un: 72.5 kV to 765 kV
In: up to 4800 A
In short circuit: up to 80 kA1
[Isc dyn : 200 kA peak]
Secondary cores : up to 8
Characteristics:
High quality paper-oil insulation
Top core design with metal head
Oil expansion by stainless steel bellows
Secondary cores : in aluminium box
Single, double or triple ratio at the primary side
Low maintenance
Linking the Power Chain
Linking the Power Chain
Current Transformers -- CTH 72.5 to 765 kV
Special accuracy classes: TPS, TPX, TPY, TPZ, PR
Explosion-proof design
Extensive experience in highly active seismic regions
Compact construction
Built for long life
Compliance with IEC, ANSI / IEEE or equivalent standards

Reinforced Security Design:
Limit the consequences of an internal
failure by limiting the projections of
parts, porcelain, and insulating oil.

CT Specific Design:
Reduced oil volume
Internal ground conductors with
sufficient cross section for handling
the fault current
Tank head designed to prevent the
transmission, inside the porcelain
insulator, of the over-pressure wave
that originates in the head at the time
of the fault
Reinforced Security Design
Failure Test at KEMA Laboratory
Characteristics of the test:
No load voltage: 10 kV RMS
Fault current: 40 kA RMS -- Fault
duration: 200 ms
Time to fire the head: 9 ms
Fault energy: 8.9 MJ
Test results:
The CT is still at original position.
Limited oil fire
Top cover is perforated (500 mm dia).
Porcelain insulator intact
CT internal examination shows no arc
inside the bushing. Grounding and
secondary wiring are not affected.
Before the fault
Just after the fault
CTH 525
Current Transformers - CTH
For years, tens of thousands of CTH
have been installed all over the world
Eye Bolt Design - IT range

1. Oil filling plug
2. Dome
3. Nitrogen filling valve
4. Collar
5. Primary terminal
7. Insulated primary
8. Cover plate for tank
9. Tank
10. Secondary cores
Current Transformers (Paper/Oil) up to 245 kV - IT range
Eye bolt design
IT 245 Cross section
Eye Bolt Design
Technical data
Rated voltage : 123 to 245 kV
Technology : Eye-Bolt
Expansion device : Nitrogen
Primary reconnection : 1-2
Rated primary current : 1200 Amp (1440 max)
Short circuit current : 40 kA 1

Total weight (kg)
kV 72.5 145 245
kg 700 750 1200
IT range
Eye Bolt Design
Active Part Manufacturing
IT range
Primary conductor (1,2 or 4 turns)
Primary steel pipe
Paper insulation
Seconday cores
Eye Bolt Design
Active Part Manufacturing
IT range
Eye Bolt Design
Vacuum Treatment
IT range
Oven
Active part
Target :
Remove all the water trapped in
the paper (and in other
materials) during insulation
process

Duration :
Up to 3 weeks
Hair-Pin Design - ITT / IT range

1. Dome
2. Nitrogen filling valve
3. Primary terminal
4. Collar
6. Primary conductor with
insulation
7. Adaptor cylinder
8. Secondary cores
9. Base
10. Oil drain plug
Current Transformers (Paper/Oil) up to 420 kV - ITT 245
- IT 400
Hair-Pin design
IT 400 Cross section
Hair-Pin Design
Technical Data
Rated voltage : 245 to 420 kV
Technology : Hair-Pin
Expansion device : Nitrogen
Rated primary current : up to 3000
Short circuit current : - 40 kA 1 (245 kV)
- 60 kA 1 (420 kV)
Total weight (kg)
kV 245 420
kg 1400 2300

ITT range
Classe Ratio error
at In
Phase
displacement
at In
Composite
error at
f
L
.I
N
5 P

1 %

60 min.

5 %
10 P

3 %

10 %
Protection accuracy classes
CEI 600 44-1
Accuracy classes (Protection)
Maximum current error in % of I
P
Accuracy limit primary current = f
L
.I
N

Burden :S
N

Factors for Protection
Parameters

1. ALF ( accuracy limiting factor)

2. Composite error

Over Current and Earth Fault Protection
1. Accuracy Limiting Factor

What is Accuracy Limiting factor ?

It is the factor of over current above the rated current which
determines the capability of CT to maintain the error at such
a condition.

2. Composite error

It is the error of the CT when this over current is applied.

Composite error :
Under steady-state conditions, the r.m.s. value of the
difference between:
a) the instantaneous values of the primary current, and
b) the instantaneous values of the actual secondary
current multiplied by the rated transformation ratio
CEI 600 44-1
( )
}
=
T
p s n
p
c
dt i I K
T I
0
2
.
1 100
c
K
n
is the rated transformation ratio;
I
p
is the r.m.s. value of the primary current;
i
p
is the instantaneous value or the primary current;
i
s
is the instantaneous value of the secondary current;
T is the duration of one cycle.
1. Accuracy Limiting Factor/composite error

For e.g if the class designation is 5P20

20 is the Accuracy limiting factor which signifies that when
20 times the rated primary current is applied the composite
error of 5P( +/- 5%) is maintained.

Typical Class designations are

5P10, 5P20, 10P10, 10P20 etc.,

Parameters

1. Knee Point Voltage requirement(V
k
)

2. Exciting current ( I
o
)

3. Resistance of CT (R
ct
)

Transformer and Busbar Differential Protection
Saturation curve
10 20 30 40
Induction
B [T]
Primary current
Ip/In
Protection CT
18500 gauss
Metering CT
8000 gauss
1. Knee Point Voltage(Vk):

Knee point voltage is point beyond which an
application of 10% of voltage increases the exciting
current by 50%.

The typical equations for Vk ( based on relay used)

Vk > 24 I
n
(R
c t
+2R
L
)- for Transformer Differential

Where I
n
: Relay rated current
R
L
= Total lead Resistance
R
c t
= CT secondary resistance

Type Tests
IEC 600 44-1
Type tests

a) short-time current tests
b) temperature rise test
c) lightning impulse test
d) switching impulse test
e) wet test for outdoor type transformers
f) determination of errors
Current Transformer
Routine tests
CEI 600 44-1
CEI 60-1
Routine tests
The following tests apply to each individual transformers:
a) verification of terminal markings
b) power-frequency withstand test on primary winding
c) partial discharge measurement
d) power-frequency withstand test on secondary windings
e) power-frequency withstand tests, between sections
f) inter-turn overvoltage test
g) determination of errors
The order of the tests is not standardized, but determination of
errors shall be performed after the other tests.
Typical ( Maximum) lead lengths based on
voltage level of substations

Voltage Level in kV Lead Length in Meters
400 1000
220 800
132 500
Typical Burdens - Analog and Digital Meters
( Current Transformer Circuit )

METERS/LOADS TYPICAL VA
BURDEN
( ANALOG TYPE )
TYPICAL VA
BURDEN
( DIGITAL TYPE )
AMMETER 1 0.5
WATTMETER &
VARMETER
1 0.1
ENERGY METER 1 0.1
PF METER 1 0.1
TRANSDUCER 1
TOTAL
5 1.8
Typical Burden Calculation
400kV Current Transformer Metering core

The max burdens of all the meters/load = 5 VA (approx) considering analog meters
and max lead length for 400kV switchyard = 1000 meters

The control cable size is 2.5 sq.mm. Always 2 runs of cable are used. Resistance of
2.5sq.mm cable is 8.5 ohms per kilometre for 2 runs of cable it is 4.25 Ohms

Therefore the burden of the lead length is = 2* isec
2
* r * 1kM
= 2 *1*1* 4.25
= 8.5 VA
The optimum total burden will be = 5 + 8.5 = 13.5VA

Therefore realistic burden required is 15 or 20VA


Burden of numerical relay recommended = 2.5 VA ( inclusive of lead length ). The
maximum lead length for 220/132kv switchyard = 500 meters

2
* r * 500/1000
= 2 *1*1* 4.25*0.5
= 4.25 VA
the optimum total burden = 2.5 +4.25 = 7 VA

Therefore realistic burden required for class 5P cores is 15 VA

NOTE: FOR 400KV CT's ONLY CLASS PS CORES
ARE USED. HENCE THIS CALCULATION IS
OMITTED FOR 400KV CTs.
Typical Burden Calculation
220kV Current Transformer Protection core
List of utilities who have reduced burdens
for metering of 0.2 accuracy Cl

CUSTOMER 400KV CT 220KV CT 132KV CT
APTRANSCO 20 ( 40 ) 20 ( 40) 15 ( 30)
PGCIL 20 ( 40) 20 ( 40) 20 ( 40 )
MSEB 20 ( 40) 20 ( 40 )
KPTCL 20 ( 30) 20 ( 30) 20 ( 30 )
RRVPNL 30 ( 40)
VALUES WITHIN BRACKET INDICATES PREVIOUS VALUES SPECIFIED
Capacitor Voltage Transformers
CCV range


1. Oil level indicator (optional)
2. Expansion device
3. Capacitor units
4. Insulating oil
6. Sealing
7. Electromagnetic unit
8. Low voltage terminals box/
HF terminal
9. Series inductance
10. Medium voltage transformer
11. Damping circuit against
ferroresonance effects
Capacitor Voltage Transformers (Paper/Film/Oil) up to 765 kV
CCV range
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
11
6
10
Accurate Measurement of HV
Coupling Capacitors CCV / CC 72.5 to 765 kV
Line protection
HF transmission
Compliance with IEC, ANSI or equivalent standards
Reduce the slope of the RRRV (Rate of Rise of Recovery
Voltage (I
k
>40 kA)
Performance:
72.5 to 765 kV
Cn from 2.500 to 20.000 pF
Thermal capacity up to 1000 VA
Characteristics:
Capacitor elements are made of paper-
polypropylene and aluminum foils, insulated
with synthetic dielectric oil
Up to four secondary windings
Carrier accessories
(transmission from 30 up to 500 kHz) on request
Oil expansion by metallic bellows
Advantages:
Built-in safety features
Hermetically sealed for long life
Mineral & synthetic oil-filled, PCB free
Non-corrosive hardware
High reliability and longevity due to optimized design
Operation as coupling capacitors for power line carrier
transmission
Superior transient response
Compact design : smaller diameter porcelain that results in
less oil and less weight
Capacitor Voltage Transformers - CCV Range
Thousands of installed units attest to their reliability
Capacitor Voltage Transformer
Definitions
Element Pack
(or pack)
Pile of elements : 10 to 25 kV
Definitions
Assembly of elements in an
insulating container: 245 kV.
Can be connected to a HV line
Capacitor Unit
(or unit)
HV Power line

Ground
Definitions
Capacitor STACK
(or stack)
Assembly of elements to reach
higher voltage levels : 800 kV
HV Power line

Ground
In general, the term
CAPACITOR
stands for a capacitor element
as well as a capacitor stack.
Definitions
Capacitor Voltage Divider
( or CVT )
Connecting an MV inductive
voltage transformer to a tap.
HV Power line
Ground

Intermediate
Voltage :
10 to 20 kV/\3
Basics
S
1

S
2

P
1

P
2

C
1

C
2

L

= Inductance equivalent to magnetic losses of the magnetic circuit.
R
w
= Resistance equivalent to the watt losses of the magnetic circuit.
L
fs
= Secondary leakage inductance of the magnetic VT.
Rs = Resistance of the secondary winding
Magnetic Transformer
C
e
L
a
L
fs
R
a
R
s

L
R
w
Z
c
U
s
U
P
=
V
p
. C
1

k . (C
1
+C
2)

Equivalent Diagram
RMK - CVT
Capacitor stack
Inductive VT
CCV 72.5 to 765 kV
Capacitor elements
Capacitor column
Insulating oil
Insulator flange
Secondary terminal box
Inductance
MV Transformer
Oil expansion device
Damping circuit
RMK - CVT
P
Diagram
P
GROUND
GS HF
HV Terminal
C1
C2
N
4
a

4
n

11
12
14
1
a

1
n

11
12
14
2
a

2
n

11
12
14
3
a

3
n

11
12
14
MCB
S S S S
GS MV
D
L
HF DC
C
PLC System
New Capacitor Elements
All Paper Dielectric design Mixed dielectric design(New)
Paper PPR film + paper
Copper tabs for
connection
Aluminum foil
folded for contact
with next element
New Capacitor Elements
No more soldering
Improved contact between elements
No copper tabs
Improvements in the new design
Aluminum foil :
New Insulating "Oil"
Comparison between NEW JARYLEC and MINERAL OIL
SI.NO. Property Unit Mean value
Before treatment After treatment
mineral oil Jarylec mineral oil Jarylec
1 Colour transparent slightly yellow transparent slightly yellow
2 Density at 29.5
0
C g/cm
3
0.89 0.99 0.89 0.99
3 Kinematic viscosity at 27
0
C Cst 27 4.2 27 4.2
4 Interfacial tension at 27
0
C N/m 0.04 0.036 0.04 0.036
5 Flash point
0
C 140 144 140 144
6 Pour point
0
C -6 <-50 -6 <-50
7 Acidity mgKOH/g 0.03 <0.01 0.03 <0.01
8 Breakdown voltage kV 30 >70 >60 >80
9
Dielectric dissipation factor (tano) at
900C
<0.005 <0.004 <0.002 <0.001
10 Water content ppm 50 <100 15 5
11 Resistivity 100
0
C Ohmxcm 0.15x10
12
>9x10
14
0.35x10
14
>9x10
14
Very high breakdown voltage
High volume resistivity
Very low viscosity
for better impregnation
Low loss angle
Nature of the dielectric (impregnated)
all paper/mineral oil Paper +PPR/Jarylec
under rated voltage 12.2 V/m 25 V/m
under power frequency voltage 40 V/m 80 V/m
Maximal gradient
dielectric Thickness elements N
column U
Gradients
. ) (
) (
=
The elements as per the new design can
withstand double gradients.
Higher gradients allowed
Maximal
voltage for "All paper"/mineral oil Paper + PPR/Jarylec
an element 1050 V 1500 V
Nature of the dielectric
column the in elements of Number
U
U
m
element i
. . . . .
7 . 0
/ max
=
The elements as per the new design
can withstand a higher voltage
Improved gradient results in smaller capacitors
SAME HEIGTH BUT SMALLER DIAMETER
During HF communication,
earthing of signals or entry
into magnetic part must be
avoided.
PLC system
P
2

C
1

C
2

Line trap
Inductive
Part
HV line
Draining coil and grounding
switchcould already be
included in HF generator.
HF

(
(
(
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

e
e cos .
.
1
- . sin . .
2
V
VA
3440. =
s
minutos) (en
e
a
C
L R
Phase error :
(
(
(
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
e
e c sin .
.
1
- . + cos . .
2
V
VA
100. = %) (en
s
e
a
C
L R
Ratio error :
Reduce nominal secondary burden
Magnetic Transformer
Accuracy at nominal frequency
Good quality of windings
Good tuning
High intermediate voltage
Ce
La
Rp
L
Rw
Rs
Rpam
Lam
Ram
Zc
Vs
Vi
Primary Short Circuit & Transient
Response
Damping Circuit
In steady state, the CVT secondary voltage is a
reliable representation of the primary voltage.
In case of sudden change in the primary voltage
(like a short circuit), the voltage output will be
distorted (high error) during a few cycles.
The above transient error will depend on:
The burden connected to the CVT
The moment of the voltage interruption.
The transient response will be improved by adding
a damping circuit connected on the secondary
Damping Circuit
Primary Short Circuit & Transient Response
Short-circuit at zero crossing
Primary voltage
Secondary voltage
t
Vs
Vi
t
Damping Circuit
Damping Circuit
Short-circuit at zero crossing
Primary voltage
Secondary voltage
t
Vs
Vi
t
5%
10%
Secondary error
t
0 100 200 300 [ms]
Necessary to add a damping circuit
20 ms IEC 186
error limits
IEC today :
max 10% after 20ms

R R-L-C
R-L-R
How to solve transient problems :
High
burden
jeopardize
accuracy
Efficient
Easy to design
Expensive
Efficient
Sophisticated design
Economical
Damping Circuit
-200
-100
0
100
200
3
0
0
3
5
0
4
0
0
4
5
0
5
0
0
5
5
0
6
0
0
Tension secondaire
Secondary Voltage
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
3
0
0
3
5
0
4
0
0
4
5
0
5
0
0
5
5
0
6
0
0
% Erreur secondaire (transitoire) % error at secondary
R-L-R
R-L-R
Damping Circuit
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
3
0
0
3
5
0
4
0
0
4
5
0
5
0
0
5
5
0
6
0
0
Tension primaire
Primary Voltage
a) After clearance of a short-circuit at the secondary
terminals (fuse blown) , the CVT being energized
at 120% of the rated voltage, the crest value of the
secondary voltage must return to less than 10% error
after 10 cycles.

b) After short-circuit clearance, at 150% of the rated
voltage, the ferroresonnance must be eliminated within
less than 2 seconds
Ferroresonance according IEC 186
Ferroresonance
Ferroresonance
L
1

L
2

Z
N
2

N
1

I
th

C
2

C
1

SG
C

C
Secondary Short Circuit
L
R
2

R
1

D
Ferroresonance
Damping device
on inductive PT
L'
1

L'
2

R
L

SG
L

Ferroresonance
Damping device
on inductance
"Transformer type"
compensating
inductance
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
8
0
0
9
0
0
Secondary
current
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
8
0
0
9
0
0
Secondary
voltage
Without
damping
device
Short-circuit
Fuse
operation
Ferroresonance
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
8
0
0
9
0
0
Primary voltage
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
3
5
0
4
0
0
4
5
0
5
0
0
5
5
0
6
0
0
6
5
0
7
0
0
7
5
0
Secondary
current
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
3
5
0
4
0
0
4
5
0
5
0
0
5
5
0
6
0
0
6
5
0
7
0
0
7
5
0
Secondary
voltage
With
damping
device
Ferroresonance
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
3
5
0
4
0
0
4
5
0
5
0
0
5
5
0
6
0
0
6
5
0
7
0
0
7
5
0
Primary
voltage
10 cycles : error < 10%
Voltage Transformers
Metering Accuracy Classes
Accuracy classes - Multiple windings
Same conditions except, accuracy to be garanteed with

- Other windings loaded between 0% to 100%
IEC 600 44-2
REMEMBER : with multiple secondaries, the maximum possible
burden will generally be limited by :
- the possible burden in the highest accuracy class with 1 winding
- the difference between the different burdens
- the mutual influence of the secondaries
Ex.: Accuracy VA max Total VA to be shared
Class if 1 secondary between the 2 windings
0.2 250 VA 250 x 0.8 = 200 VA
0.5 800 VA max. total simultaneous
Excessive
Frequency
Variations
Nominal burden
OVER-ESTIMATED
Real load < 25% VA
N

Nominal burden
UNDER-ESTIMATED
Real load > 100% VA
N

Typical Error Curve
Typical graph of variation of errors with VA & frequency
Phase error
Ratio error
f
25% VA
f+Af
f -Af
100% VA
+20 - 20
+0.5
- 0.5
Voltage transformers
IEC 600 44-2
Accuracy classes (Protection)
Maximum error in % of V
P

- Voltage between 5 % and f
T
x V
NP

- Burden between 25% and 100% of S
N
- Maximum error doubled for

V
NP
=2%

Accuracy
class
Voltage
(ratio)
error
Phase
displacement
[minutes]
Cl 3P
3 % 120
Cl 6P
6 % 24O
Routine tests (IEC 60044-5)
Routine tests
The following tests apply to each individual transformer:
a) Verification of terminal markings
b) Power-frequency withstand tests on primary windings
c) Partial discharge measurement
d) Power-frequency withstand tests on secondary
windings
e) Power-frequency withstand tests between sections
f) Determination of errors.
G) Ferroresonance test
h) Sealing test
Type tests (IEC 60044-5)
a) Temperature-rise test
b) Short-circuit withstand capability test
c) Lightning impulse test
d) Switching impulse test
e) Wet test for outdoor type transformers
f) Determination of errors.
Typical Burdens - Analog and Digital
Meters (Voltage Transformer Circuit )

METERS/LOADS TYPICAL VA
BURDEN
( ANALOG TYPE )
TYPICAL VA BURDEN
( DIGITAL TYPE )
VOLTMETER 5 1
WATTMETER&
VARMETER
4 0.1
ENERGY METER 1 0.1
PF METER 4
ELECTRONIC
SYNCHROSCOPE
6
FREQUENCY
METER
7 1
TRANSDUCER 1
TOTAL 28 12.2
MAXIMUM BURDEN IMPOSED ON THE CAPACITOR VOLTAGE
TRANSFORMER METERING WINDING IN A 400KV SUBSTATION

The max burdens of all the meters/load = 28 VA (approx) when analog meters are
considered and max lead length for 400kv switchyard = 1000 meters


2
* r * 1km
= 2 * (28/63.5
)2*
4.25*1
= 1.70 VA
The optimum total burden = 28 +1.7 = 29.7 VA
Therefore realistic burden required is 50 VA

Line Traps

Features of AREVA T&D Line Traps Design
High short-circuit withstand capability
Light weight
Reliable open-style design (OSD)
Mounting flexibility
Excellent cooling
Extremely reliable tuning devices
Self-resonance frequency greater than
500 kHz
Maintenance-free design
No surface cracking
Corona Ring
Protective Device
Tie Rod
Main Coil
Tuning Device
Pedestal
Bird Barrier
Crossarm
Terminal
Terminal
Lifting Lug
Line Traps
Construction
Main Components
Line Traps
Mounting Arrangements
Vertical pedestal Horizontal pedestal Suspension
Line Traps

Lifting lug bolted to the central tie rod
Eyebolt to the bottom crossarm
One to four-point suspension
Suspension mounting
Line Traps

Vertical pedestal mounting type A
Aluminum pedestal
Small or medium sized LT can be mounted
directly on a single post insulator or CCVT
Line Traps

Vertical pedestal mounting type B
Aluminum pedestal
Large sized LT: 3
insulator column
pedestal
Number of columns
can be adapted
Line Traps

Aluminum or stainless steel pedestal
Horizontal mounting (for OSD)
Line Traps
Main Components
Easily accessible and exchangeable:
can be replaced without removing the
line trap from the line.
Factory fixed or field adjustable.
For single-frequency, double-
frequency,
or wide-band tuning
Areva tuning device can be used in all
existing LT
Tuning Device Options
Line Traps
Main Components

Connected across the main coil and the tuning device to
prevent the LT from being damaged by transient over-voltages.
Surge Arrester
Bird Barrier
Line Traps
Main Components

Temperature and UV resistant fiberglass reinforced plastic grid
with square shaped 15 X 15 mm openings
Cooling of the line traps remains unchanged.
Bird Barrier
Line Traps
Basic Design Parameters

Standard
System voltage
Rated frequency
Rated inductance
Rated current
Blocking range
Minimum blocking
impedance or
resistance
Short-circuit
requirements
Type of mounting
Site conditions
Condenser Bushings

Condenser bushings - Oil to air- Oil
impregnated paper (OIP)
Suitable for connecting outdoor equipment to
HV transformers as per ANSI or IEC standard
Air side : porcelain envelope
Partial discharge < 5pC at 1.5Un /
Specially treated mineral oil
Power factor tap, air draining plug and oil side
shield provided
Prismatic oil sight glass with option MOLG
above 145kV
Flange of aluminum alloy casting
Extensive field experience
High creepage bushing on request
Dielectric dissipation factor < 0.40%
\3
Up to 420 kV
In addition to bushings for power
transformers, AREVA T&D also manufactures
wall bushings, oil-oil bushings and high
current bushings.

1. Top terminal
2. Cable bolt
3. Oil filling plug
3a . Nitrogen filling plug
4. Expansion bowl
5. Oil sight glass
6. Springs
7. Gaskets
8. Central metal tube
9. Oil impregnated core
10. Porcelain - Upper
11. Fixing flange
12. Test tap
13. Air releasing screw
14. Porcelain -Lower
15. Base plate / stress shield
16. Upper arcing horn
17. Lower arcing horn
18. Top shield cover
19. Bolt and nut

Condenser Bushings
Assembled Bushings

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