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 Medical use of radioactive materials falls broadly into two categories: diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. This branch of medicine is called nuclear medicine, and the radioactive materials are called radiopharmaceuticals. For most diagnostic nuclear medicine procedures, a small amount of radioactive material is administered. The radiopharmaceutical collects in the organ or area being evaluated, where it emits photons that detected by gamma camera. The gamma camera produces images that provide information about the organ function and composition, and help physicians locate and identify tumors, size anomalies, or other physiological or functional organ problems.

WHAT ARE X-RAYS???

X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of electromagnetic radiation. X-rays are a relatively safe method of investigation and the radiation exposure is low. The first X-ray device was discovered accidentally by the German scientist Wilhelm Roentgen (1845-1923) in 1895. He found that a cathode-ray tube emitted invisible rays that could penetrate paper and wood.

 Hard X-rays are very high

frequency rays. They are designed to destroy the molecules within specific cells, thus destroying tissue.

Soft X-rays are the kind used to photograph bones and internal organs. They operate at relatively low frequency and unless they are repeated too often, cause little damage to tissue.

Hard X-rays are used in radiotherapy, a treatment for cancer

Radiotherapy for cancer Chest x-ray to detect lung disease

To detect pathology such as gallstones or kidney stone

Uses of x-rays
Detect intestinal obstruction
Detecting some disease processes in in soft tissue

Detection of pathology of the skeletal system.

TREATMENT OF CANCER BY RADIATION THERAPY

WHAT IS RADIATION THERAPY??

Is a form of treatment for many cancer patients

LUNG CANCER

Use certain type of energy to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors called ionizing radiation This therapy may be used to treat almost every type of solid tumor, including cancers of the brain, breast, cervix, larynx, lung, pancreas, prostate, skin, spine, stomach, uterus, or soft tissue Radiation can also be used to treat leukemia and lymphoma Radiation therapy may be used alone or in combination with other cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or surgery. In some cases, a patient may receive more than one type of radiation therapy Use of high energy x-rays to help stop cancer cells from growing and to decrease their ability to divide To damage many cancer cells as possible, while limiting harm to nearby healthy tissue

SKIN CANCER

How it done??
Radiation therapy injures or destroys cells in the area being treated called target by damaging their genetic material, making it impossible for these cells to continue to grow and divide

Although radiation damages both cancer cells and normal cells, most normal cells can recover from the effects of radiation and function properly

EXTERNAL RADIATION

INTERNAL RADIATION

External Beam radiation uses a linear accelerator to deliver radiation from outside of the body.

Internal radiation Therapy (Brachytherapy) uses radioactive sources that are placed into the body.

Also known as Dental porcelain. Porcelain used by a dental technician to create biocompatible to lifelike such as: 1) Crowns 2) Bridges 3) Veneers 4) Dentures

BRIDGE

DENTURE

CROWN

VENEER

Type of RADIOACTIVE COMPONENT THAT CONTAIN IN DENTAL PORCELAIN.

Natural teeth get their white gleam with

ultraviolet light. This phenomenon is called FLUORESCENCE Since uranium does gleam in ultraviolet light, uranium could be added to dental porcelain to make it gleam and look more realistic. Unfortunately, uranium fluoresces with a dull yellow-green color .

After that, the bluish glow of cerium , another radioactive element then is combines with the greenish glow of uranium to give the white gleam that dentists were looking for. However, when used as a fluorescent agent in Artificial teeth and ceramic powders uranium must not exceed 0.03% by weight according to the only standard regulating radioactive compounds in dental materials (USA).

1)

2) 3) 4)
5)

Protect week tooth from damage. Strengthen the teeth Replaced missing teeth. Cover discolored or badly shaped teeth. Improved teeth appearance.

1) Many of the components of alternative materials and their degradation products can cause local allergic reactions in dental patients (mouth) and workers (hands). 2) Effect an individuals with certain cataract and other eyesight problems, patients sensitive to light or those on photosensitizing medication. 3) Certain electrical equipment used for dental curing may pose a risk to people with electrical implants such as pacemakers.

An intense beam of radiation, from a highactivity source external to the patient, is focused on the tissue.

Example : use of a device called the gamma knife, which use a collimating helmet to focus radiation from numerous cobalt-60 sources to a specific location deep within brain tissue.

 Lower activity radioactive sources that are placed close to, or within cancerous tissues such as in the breast, prostate or cervix. Sources include sealed seeds injected or surgically implanted, then removed after the prescribed dose is received by the patient intravascular brachytheraphy system use small sources are placed into arteries using catheres.

Example : Prostate Seed Implant (Bracytherapy) Also, known as Interstitial Radiation, brachytherapy is the permanent radio active seeds into the prostate gland under ultrasound guidance while under anesthesia. Brachytherapy delivers a prescribed dose of radiatiation directly to the cancer cells while decreasing the risk of radiating surrounding tissues or organs.

Generally, it is an outpatient procedure. In certain situations, both prostate brachytherapy and external radiation many be recommended. The seeds are approximately four millimeters long and less than a millimeter in diameter. An average of eighty to one hundred seeds are implanted.

THEREPEUTIC NUCLEAR MEDICINE

High dosage of radioactive materials are injected into, or injected into, or ingested by the patient. Example; use of radioactive iodine to destroy or shrink a diseased thyroid.

The radionuclides that are used in thyroid scans are two isotopes of iodine, I-131 and I-123, and an isotope of technetium known as 99m Tc.

Technetium scanning is preferred for some diagnostic workups because it is relatively fast and does not require the patient to fast beforehand. Some professionals prefer to reserve I-131 for follow-up evaluations of cancer patients, and use I-123 for thyroid uptake tests and routine thyroid scans. The reason for the distinction is the higher radiation burden of I-131.

Teletheraphy machine