Fuzzy Logic

An approach to uncertainty that combines real values [0,1] and logic operations Fuzzy logic is based on the ideas of fuzzy set theory and fuzzy set membership often found in language
You are tall what is tall? You are very tall how does this differ from tall?

Fuzzy Sets
In normal sets, membership is binary
An item is either in the set or not in the set

In fuzzy sets, membership is based on a degree between 0 and 1

0 = item not in set 1 = item is in set If degree is between 0 and 1, then this degree is the degree to which the item is thought to be in the set

In a way, this is like the statistic approaches covered in chapter 8, but it differs

Example: Young
Ann is 28, .8 in set Young Bob is 40, .1 in set Young Cathy is 23, 1.0 in set Young
Unlike statistics and probabilities, the degree is not describing a probability that the item is in the set, but instead describes to what extent the item is in the set

Also note that the degrees do not add up to 1

Distinctions to Probabilities
Why both fuzzy sets and probabilities use real numbers to describe a degree of membership they differ:
membership functions are not necessarily based on statistic distributions fuzzy logic deals with deterministic plausibilities probabilities deal more with non-deterministic but stochastic events and their likelihoods

Fuzzy Sets
A is a fuzzy set described by the items, u, where the set A = {u/a(u) | u in U}
That is, A is a set of items combined with their degrees of being in the universe U a(u) is a membership function that maps onto the set [0,1] which derives the degree that each u is or is not in U

Example: The set of young people might be {Ann/0.8, Bob/0.1, Cathy/1.0}

Set Operations
Fuzzy sets, like sets, have operations for
is-a-member-of: a(u) union: A u B = {u/max(a(u), b(u) | u in U} intersection: A n B = {u/min(a(u), b(u) | u in U} complement: ~A = {u/1-a(u) | u in U}

With these rules, other set properties can be used such as the commutative law, DeMorgans laws, etc...

Fuzzy Relations
A is a fuzzy set in the universe U with membership function a(u) B is a fuzzy set in the universe V with membership function b(v) AxB={(u,v)/min(a(u),b(v)) | u in U, v in V} R is a fuzzy relation such that R:U V where UxV={(u,v)/m(u,v)| u in U, v in V} where m(u,v) is a membership function

Ex: Temperature Regulator

Given two input values
E: the difference between the current temperature and the target temperature dE=the time derivative Determine the output value W=the change in the heating or cooling source W can take on one of 5 values, negative big, negative small, zero, positive small, positive big

Fuzzy Rules for Example

Given E and dE, we have the following rules: dE NB NS ZO PS PB NB PB NS PS E ZO PB PS ZO NS NB PS NS PB NB For instance, if E is ZO and dE is NB, then W is PB

Computing dE and E
See figure 1 from the handout (p.73) Suppose E=0.75 and dE=0 (that is, at time zero, the temperature is .75 from where it should be) Use the membership function in figure 1 E comes in at the horizontal .75 point which is midway between PS and PB. PS has a value of 0.5 and PB has a value of 0.5. dE = 0 which has ZO with a value of 1.0.

Selecting Rules
We have two applicable rules, 8 and 9:
dE=ZO (membership of 1.0) E=PB (membership of 0.5) and PS (membership of 0.5)

The weight of each rule is determined by the minimum of the two memberships (0.5 and 1.0) so both rules have equal weight (0.5) However, we only want one output, so we must select a single rule. This is done through a difuzzification procedure finding the center of gravity in the output function

Fuzzy Logic
Just as fuzzy sets are an extension to sets, fuzzy logic is an extension to logic Union = Or, Intersection = And, Complement = Not A => B or If A then B is a fuzzy implication and can be derived as AxB

Two possible fuzzy logics

There have been two fuzzy logics developed that might be applicable to inference Consider two items A and B with degrees of membership (or truth) of a and b
Not A: 1-a (the same in either fuzzy logic) A and B: min(a,b) or a*b A or B: max(a,b) or a+b-a*b AB: max (1-a, b) or 1-a+a*b A xor B: max(min(a,1-b), min(1-a,b)) or a+b-3*a*b+a*a*b+a*b*b-a*a*b*b

Example using the fuzzy logics

A domain has hypotheses H1, H2, H3, H4, H5 H1, H2, and H3 are primitive hypotheses, H4 and H5 are derived by the following rules:
H4=H1 or H2 H5=not(H1 or H2) and H3 Given values for H1, H2 and H3, values for H4 and H5 can be derived using the prior fuzzy logic rules for Not, And, Or We can now compute the likelihood of each hypothesis and select all that are probable

Fuzzy System Applications

Fuzzy logic is most commonly used as controllers of systems, applying fuzzy rules to determine changes in output
Cement Kiln - first expert system to use fuzzy logic, incorporates experience of operators in cement production facilities to mix ingredients Sendai Subway - most celebrated fuzzy logic system, controller uses fuzzy rules to control speed of cruising, braking and switching Yamaichi Fuzzy Fund - fuzzy rules determined monthly by analysts and then used to predict trends and suggest trades

New Applications
Home appliances: fuzzy logic used in refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, washers, dryers, air conditioners to control temperature, pressure, etc... Video Cameras: fuzzy automatic focusing and exposure rules Automotive: fuzzy controlled fuel injection, transmission and brakes systems Robotics: fuzzy controlled robots Aerospace: fuzzy logic temperature control for space shuttle

Future Development - Hybrids

Fuzzy neural net: the two areas can complement each weakness (fuzzy logic - does not learn, neural networks little control) Fuzzy genetic algorithms: GAs can be used to tune membership functions

Limitations of Fuzzy Logic

Stability: since fuzzy logic is not formal, there is no guarantee that a fuzzy system will function correctly Learning: no ability to learn membership functions and no memory to learn during problem solving Determining good membership functions and fuzzy rules is not always easy or straightforward Verification and Validation requires extensive testing (as in any expert system). This is especially important of controllers where safety becomes a key factor (e.g. subway system, space shuttle)

Fuzzier Methods
Fuzzy Logic is (roughly) based on a mathematical formalism Fuzzy methods do not require this mathematical backing Certainty factors are a compromise between using fuzzy logic and a looser approach Qualitative fuzzy rules go further and completely divorce the rules from mathematics