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FIBER OPTICS
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INTRODUCTION

An optical fiber (or optical fibre) is a flexible, transparent fiber made of a pure glass (silica) not much wider than a human hair. Optical fiber typically includes of a transparent core surrounded by a transparent cladding material with a lower index of refraction Light is kept in the core by total internal reflection. This causes the fiber to act as a waveguide.

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HISTORY

2500 B.C- Earliest known glass 1790s- Claude Chappe invents 'optical telegraph' in France 1840s - Guiding of light by refraction, the principle that makes fiber optics possible, was first demonstrated by Daniel Colladon and Jacques Babinet in Paris

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HISTORY

1956- The first fiber optic semiflexible gastroscope was patented by Basil

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HISTORY

NASA used fiber optics in the television cameras sent

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HISTORY

1993- Nakazawa sends soliton signals 180 million kilometers, claiming "soliton transmission over unlimited distances." Linn Mollenauer of Bell Labs sends 10 billion bits through 20,000 kilometers of fibers using a simpler soliton system 1996- Fujitsu, NTT Labs, and Bell Labs all report sending one trillion bits per second through single optical fibers in separate experiments using different techniques. 2000- The first photonic crystal fibers became commercially available

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Telecommunication

APPLICATION IN ELECTRONICS DEVICES

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An optical communication system consists of a transmitter, which encode a message into the optical signal, the channel, which carries these signals to the destination, and the receiver, which reproduce the message from the

APPLICATION IN ELECTRONICS DEVICES

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MECHANISM
Physics of Total Internal Reflection

light passing between two media of different refractive indexes n1 and n2 If n1> n2 the light ray as it passes from one media to the next will bend away from an imaginary line (the normal) perpendicular to the medias mating surface. Conversely if n1 < n2 then the ray will bend towards the normal. Total internal reflection occurs when n1 > n2 and the incident ray of light makes an angle, c, such that it does not enter the adjacent medium but travels along the interface. At angles greater than c the ray will be reflected back into medium

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MECHANISM

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MECHANISM
Ray Theory

Light enters the core of the optical fiber and strikes the core/cladding interface at an angle . If this angle is greater than the critical angle (i.e. cw h e r e c= a r c s i n ( n2/n1)) then the ray will reflect back into the core thus experiencing total internal reflection. This ray of light will continue to experience total internal reflection as it encounters core/cladding interfaces while propagating down the fiber

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MECHANISM

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MANUFACTURING
Materials

Silica - Silica exhibits fairly good optical transmission over a wide range of wavelengths. In the near-infrared (near IR) portion of the spectrum, particularly around 1.5 m, silica can have extremely low absorption and scattering losses of the order of 0.2 dB/km. Fluorides - Fluoride glass is a class of nonoxide optical quality glasses composed of fluorides of various metals. Phosphate - Phosphate glass constitutes a class of optical glasses composed of metaphosphates of various metals. Phosphate glasses can be advantageous over silica glasses for optical fibers with a high

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MANUFACTURING
Process

Standard optical fibers are made by first constructing a large-diameter "preform", with a carefully controlled refractive index profile, and then "pulling" the preform to form the long, thin optical fiber. The preform is commonly made by three chemical vapor deposition methods: inside vapor deposition, outside vapor, and vapor axial deposition.

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MANUFACTURING

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MANUFACTURING
Coating

The light is "guided" down the core of the fiber by an optical "cladding" with a lower refractive index that traps light in the core through "total internal reflection." The cladding is coated by a "buffer" that protects it from moisture and physical damage. The buffer is what gets stripped off the fiber for termination or splicing. These coatings are UV-cured urethane acrylate composite materials applied to the outside of the fiber during the drawing process. The coatings protect the very delicate strands of glass fiber about the size of a human hair

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MANUFACTURING

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ADVANTAGES
Dispersion

When the rays pass through fiber media, the rays will take information a large amount of data through the distance. In summary, broadband Dispersion is the ability to carry data transmitted / propagated in optical fiber media. When light propagates to use certain frequencies. The size of the frequency used will influence the information data capacity that pass through the medium.

Bandwidth

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