Basic Terms Used in Illumination Scheme

Light: Radiant energy in form of waves which produces

a sensation of vision upon the human eye. Luminous Flux: Total energy radiated by a source of light in all directions in unit time. Lumen: Unit of flux, luminous flux per unit angle from a source of 1 candle power.
Lumens = Candle Power X Solid Angle

Solid Angle: Angle subtended at a point in space by an

area.
Solid Angle = Area/(radius)2

 Luminous Intensity: Luminous Flux emitted per unit

solid angle.
Illumination: Luminous Flux received per unit area. Illumination = Lumens/Area Lux: Illumination produced over a unit area which is

uniformly distributed.
1 lux = 1 lumen/m2

Luminous Efficiency: Ratio of luminous flux

produced by lamp to the power consumed by the lamp.

Lamps

Incandescent Lamps

Reflector Lamps

Gas Discharge Lamps

Filament Lamps

Halogen Lamps

Low Pressure Discharge Lamps

High Pressure Discharge Lamps

Fluorescent Lamps

Low Pressure Sodium Lamps

Mercury Vapour Lamps

Mercury Hellide Lamps

High Pressure Sodium Lamps

Incandescent Lamps
Also Known as Filament Lamps Construction: Tungsten Filament connected in between two lead wires.

High Melting Point Low Evaporation High Mechanical Strength yet ductile Desirable Radiation Characteristics Keeps air away from filament Prevents temperature from being lowered by radiation

Bulb - enclosure/glass envelope around filament.

Inert Gas Bulb is usually filled with gas such as Argon

or Krypton & Nitrogen.

 Working:
Current passes through the filament, Filament is heated & temperature rises,

At high temperature, heat as well as light is emitted as

radiation. Hence the bulb glows.

Limitations:
Life of filament lamp reduces due to:

Slow evaporation of the filament Black deposit formed inside the bulb

Halogen Lamps
Construction:
Tungsten Filament in compact transparent envelop.
Filled with an inert gas + Halogen (iodine or bromine).

It restores part of tungsten back to filament. No formation of black coating.

Bulb Temperature must be higher so it is made of quartz

or fused silica. Life is double the filament life.

Working:
Current is passed through filament, temperature rises,

light & heat is radiated.

Fluorescent Lamps
Low pressure discharge

lamp. Long discharge tube coated internally with fluorescent powder like phosphor. Tungsten electrodes coated with electron emissive materials (barium oxide/calcium oxide) to enhance speed of emission of electrons. Tube is filled with inert gas (Argon) + small amt of mercury

Working:
Current is passed through electrode.
It gets heated & emits electrons. Electrons collide with the mercury atoms.

Mercury atoms are excited & produces UV radiation.

UV radiation is transformed to visible light in the

fluorescent coating.

Wiring of Fluorescent Tube

Choke: High Impulse

Voltage for starting & acts as ballast after starting. Glow type starter: acts as switch.

Compact Fluorescent Lamp

Curved discharge tube Compact in shape

Gas filled tube & an

electronic ballast Works similar to Fluorescent lamps More light emission

Mercury Vapour Lamps

High pressure gaseous discharge lamp.

Construction:
Two glass tubes:

Inner tube Electric Discharge Made of glass/quartz. Contains 2 electrodes made of tungsten, coated with barium oxide. Also has 1 auxiliary starting electrode. Filled with inert gas like Argon + small amt of Mercury. Outer tube protects the inner tube from changes in temperature. Internal surface is coated with Fluorescent powder. Space between two is evacuated to reduce heat losses.

Working:
Choke Coil in series To give high starting voltage for discharge. Controlling current & voltage after discharge. Power Factor of circuit is

poor due to choke coil. Ini

Improved by connecting

a capacitor across supply.

Sodium Vapour Lamps