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BIOTECHNOLOGY AND PRODUCTION OF BIOTECH COMPOUNDS:

The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity defines biotechnology as "Any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use."

WHITE BIOTECHNOLOGY :-

Category
1- Medicine 2- Agriculture 3- Chemicals 4- Environment 5- Food 6- Industry
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Examples
Production of antibiotics, steroids, monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, gene therapy, recombinant DNA technology drugs and improving diagnosis by enzymes and enzyme sensors. - Plant tissue culture, protoplast fusion, introduction of foreign genes into plants and nitrogen fixation. - Organic acids (citric, gluconic), mineral extraction. -Improvement of waste treatment, replacement of chemical insecticides by biological ones and biodegradation of xenobiotics. -Single cell protein (SCP), use of enzymes in food processing and food preservation.

A number of different strategies are adopted by the pharmaceutical industry in their efforts to identify new drug products.

These approaches range from random screening of a wide range of biological materials to knowledge-based drug identification.

Once a potential new drug has been identified, it is then subjected to a range of tests (both in vitro and in animals) in order to characterize it in terms of its likely safety and effectiveness in treating its target disease.

Upstream processing: refers to the initial fermentation process that results in the initial generation of product, i.e. the product biosynthesis phase.

Downstream processing :refers to the actual purification of the protein product and generation of finished product format (i.e. filling into its final product containers, freeze-drying if a dried product format is required), followed by sealing of the final product containers.

Subsequent labelling and packaging steps represent the final steps of finished product manufacture.

Upstream processing is deemed to commence when a single vial of the working cell bank system is taken from storage and the cells therein cultured in order to initiate the biosynthesis of a batch of product. The production process is deemed complete only when the final product is filled in its final containers and those containers have been labelled and placed in their final product Biopharm packaging

The growth of viruses


The skin of calves is used for smallpox vaccine, the fertile eggs (chick embryo) for influenza and yellow fever and cell cultures prepared from monkey kidney are used for rabies vaccine. Most modern viral vaccines

Attenuated
There are three important exceptions:

The required virus is inoculated and the living cells are incubated until the virus growth is maximal. The culture fluids containing the virus are then harvested and pooled.

influenza,

poliomyelitis rabies

Principle:Fusion of lymphocytes cells from an immunized animal with cells from cultured myeloma cell (cancer cells) line to produce hybridoma

PROCEDU RE:-

Animals are immunize d with antigen

Spleen is removed and cell suspensio n is prepared

Myeloma cells (have metaboli c defect) are selected and prepared in cell line

Fusion is carried out using Polyeth ylene glycol to promote fusion

Small portion fuse successfull y to form hybridoma

Selection of the hybridoma is done using culture media: HAT medium (hypoxanth in, aminopteri n, thymidine)

Aminopterin is a powerful toxin which block certain metabolic pathway. This metabolic pathway can be bypassed if the cell is provided with hypoxanthin and thymidine

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