FLY ASH

TABLE OF CONTENTS
WHAT IS FLYASH? CLASSIFICATION OF FLY ASH WHY IS FLYASH A PROBLEM?

PROBLEMS DUE TO FLY ASH

SOLUTION TO FLY ASH PROBLEM CONCLUSION REFERENCES

WHAT IS FLY ASH?

Ash produced during combustion of coal Captured by electrostatic precipitators before the flue gases reach the chimneys of coal-fired power plants Contains mainly SiO2 (both amorphous and crystalline) and CaO, Al2O3, Fe2O3

Fly ashes are generally highly heterogeneous

Particles are spherical in shape

Particle size - 0.5 m to 100 m

Toxic constituents depend upon the specific coal bed makeup

May include one or more of the following elements or substances in quantities from trace amounts to several percent: arsenic beryllium boron cadmium chromium cobalt

CLASSIFICATION OF FLY ASH

Classified on the basis of ASTM C618 Chief difference between these classes is the amount of calcium, silica, alumina, and iron content in the ash

The chemical properties of the fly ash are largely influenced by the chemical content of the coal burned (i.e., anthracite, bituminous, and lignite). The two types are: Class F fly ash Class C fly ash

CLASS F FLY ASH

Produced by the burning of harder, older anthracite and bituminous coal Pozzolanic in nature Contains less than 20% lime (CaO). A cementing agent, such as Portland cement, quicklime, or hydrated lime, in the presence of water and Class F Fly Ash produces cementitious compounds The addition of a chemical activator such as sodium silicate (water glass) to a Class F ash can lead to the formation of a geopolymer.

CLASS C FLY ASH

Produced from the burning of younger lignite or subbituminous coal, in addition to having It too has pozzolanic properties It also has self-cementing properties. In the presence of water, Class C fly ash will harden and gain strength over time. Class C fly ash generally contains more than 20% lime (CaO). Class C fly ash does not require an activator. Alkali and sulphate (SO4) contents are generally higher in Class C fly ashes.

WHY IS FLY ASH A PROBLEM?

In the past, fly ash was entrained in flue gases and dispersed into the atmosphere. Currently laws exist which have reduced fly ash emissions to less than 1 percent of ash produced.

Worldwide, the production is more than 300 million tons per year.
Worldwide, more than 65% of fly ash is disposed of in landfills and ash ponds. INDIAN SCENARIO Nearly 73% of Indias total installed power generation capacity is thermal, of which 90% is coal-based generation 150 million tonnes of fly ash was produced in India in the year 2000 80-odd utility thermal power stations in India use bituminous coal and produce large quantities of fly ash

PROBLEM DUE TO FLY ASH

GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION EXPOSURE CONCERNS Crystalline silica and lime along with toxic chemicals are among the exposure concerns. Ex - Udupi Power Corporation Limited (UPCL) plant in Nandikur SPILLS OF BULK STORAGE Ex- Tennessee Valley Authority Fly Ash containment failure on 23 December 2008 in Kingston, Tennessee

DISEASES CAUSED DUE TO HEAVY METALS PRESENT IN FLY ASH

METAL Nickel (Ni) CONTENT (PPM) 77.6 DISEASES Respiratory problem, lung cancer

Cadmium (Cd)
Antimony (Sb)

3.4
4.5

Anaemia, hepatic disorder

Gastroenteritis

Arsenic (As)
Chromium (Cr)

43.4
136

Skin cancer, dermatitis

Cancer

Lead (Pb)

56

Anaemia

SOLUTION TO FLY ASH PROBLEMREUSE OF FLY ASH

Concrete production, as a substitute material for Portland cement and sand 1 ton of Portland cement produces 1 ton CO2 Fly ash has pozzolanic properties Pantheon in Rome made from volcanic ash Embankments and other structural fills (usually for road construction) Large uniformity coefficient Consists of clay sized particles Mostly Class F fly ash is used

 Waste stabilization and solidification Fly ash is alkaline due to presence of lime High water absorvity Transforms sewage sludge to organic fertiliser Rhenipal process

Stabilization of soft soils Increases shear strength Increases load bearing capacity of soil
Mineral filler in asphaltic concrete Fills voids Provides greater contact points for large particles.

 As Aggregate substitute material (e.g. for brick production) Two ways to manufacture bricks: Flyash+clay+firing in kiln at 1000oC Flyash+POP+soil+water+drying India- Pulverised fuel ash for lime-pozzolan mixture Recent development by Henry Liu in USA Manufacture of geopolymers Landfilling Concrete production

 To produce RCC Ex- Ghatghar dam Project in Maharashtra Metal Matrix Composites Mixed with molten metals to make composite Hollow fly ash can be infiltrated by molten metal to get alumina encased spheres Reduces density and weight of product New research to incorporate fly ash in lead acid batteries

CONCLUSION
Fly ash must be reused as it has very severe health and environmental impacts. The largest usage of fly ash is in manufacture of Concrete.

REFERENCES
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_ash http://www.ifandp.com/article/00306.html http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/air/flyash.htm http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/pure-genius/fly-ash-fromtoxic-by-product-to-nearly-free-metal-replacement/5902 http://conservationreport.com/2009/06/14/clean-coal-is-amyth/ http://flyashbricksinfo.com/construction/disadvantages-of-flyashdiseases-caused-by-fly-ash.html

THANK YOU!!!