Basic Electricity

Electricity is the form of energy consist of positive and negative charges at rest or motion. It is the branch of science which deals with the flow of free electrons.
The centre of atom consist of proton and neutron is called nucleus.

DEFINITIONS
Matter : It may be defined as anything that occupies space and has mass. (a) Solids (b) Liquids and (c) Gases Solids : Have definite shape, size and volume. Liquids : Have definite size but no shape and take the shape of the vessel which they are put in. Gases: Have neither definite shape nor size but take the shape and size of containing vessel. Molecules: All matter is made built up of tiny particles molecules. A molecule is the smallest unit of substance which holds all the physical and chemical characteristics of the parent substance. A molecule can remain in free state and possess all the properties of the substance. Atoms : Atom is defined as smallest particle of the substance which cannot exist in free state and has all the properties of parent substance. Element : Substances which are made of one and only substance are called elements. Molecules of the element contain atoms of the same element. Compound : compounds are those substances which are made of two or more elements. The molecules of compound contain atoms of two or more elements. Mixture : Mixture is also made of two or more elements. The mixture is such a combination where elements are not in definite proportion. Molecular weight: Defined as which shows how many times that molecule is heavier than an atom of hydrogen. Mw = Weight of molecule/Wt. of one atom of hydrogen. Atomic Number : Number of protons in the nucleus.

Definitions
Atomic Weight : Wt. of that element/ Wt. of one atom of Hydrogen. Electric Cell: It is a device in which chemical energy is converted into electrical energy. This electrical energy is used to derive electrical current through the circuit. Current : The flow of electrons in the conductor and is from ve to +ve. This current flows because of difference in the electric pressure between the points. EMF: The force that causes the movement of electrons between two points in electrical energy. Resistance: The property of a conductor to which limits or restricts the flow of electrons is called resistance. The unit of resistance is Ohm. R=/ A where = resistivity and A = cross area. Conductor : Material which offer least resistance to flow of current. Insulator : Offer maximum resistance to flow of current. Watt : Unit of power. When one volt pressure energy causes one ampere current to flow in the circuit. Ampere hour : Quantity of electrons conveyed by one ampere in one hour. Conductance :

Parallel circuits A parallel circuit is a circuit in which the resistors are arranged with their heads connected together, and their tails connected together. The current in a parallel circuit breaks up, with some flowing along each parallel branch and re-combining when the branches meet again. The voltage across each resistor in parallel is the same. The total resistance of a set of resistors in parallel is found by adding up the reciprocals of the resistance values, and then taking the reciprocal of the total: equivalent resistance of resistors in parallel: 1 / R = 1 / R1 + 1 / R2 + 1 / R3 +... A parallel circuit is shown in the diagram above. In this case the current supplied by the battery splits up, and the amount going through each resistor depends on the resistance. If the values of the three resistors are: With a 10 V battery, by V = I R the total current in the circuit is: I = V / R = 10 / 2 = 5 A. The individual currents can also be found using I = V / R. The voltage across each resistor is 10 V, so: I1 = 10 / 8 = 1.25 A I2 = 10 / 8 = 1.25 A I3=10 / 4 = 2.5 A Note that the currents add together to 5A, the total current.

Resistance
The property of a substance due to which it opposes the flow of electricity (i.e electrons) through it. Unit of resistance is ohm. A conductor is said to have resistance of one ohm if it permits one ampere current to flow through it when one volt is impressed across its terminals.

Ohms Law
The ratio of potential difference (V) between any two points of a conductor to the current (I) flowing between them is constant provided the temperature of the conductor does not change. In other words, V/I = Constant or V/I =R where R is the resistance of the conductor between two points. i) I=V/R ii) V=IR iii) R=V/I

Power
It is given by the product of voltage (V) and current (I). W=VI Unit is watt. Resistance in Series: A series circuit is a circuit in which resistors are arranged in a chain, so the current has only one path to take. The current is the same through each resistor. The total resistance of the circuit is found by simply adding up the resistance values of the individual resistors: equivalent resistance of resistors in series : R = R1 + R2 + R3 + ... A series circuit is shown in the diagram above. The current flows through each resistor in turn. If the values of the three resistors are: With a 10 V battery, by V = I R the total current in the circuit is: I = V / R = 10 / 20 = 0.5 A. The current through each resistor would be 0.5 A.

Series circuit

Parallel circuit

Parallel circuits A parallel circuit is a circuit in which the resistors are arranged with their heads connected together, and their tails connected together. The current in a parallel circuit breaks up, with some flowing along each parallel branch and re-combining when the branches meet again. The voltage across each resistor in parallel is the same. The total resistance of a set of resistors in parallel is found by adding up the reciprocals of the resistance values, and then taking the reciprocal of the total: equivalent resistance of resistors in parallel: 1 / R = 1 / R1 + 1 / R2 + 1 / R3 +... A parallel circuit is shown in the diagram above. In this case the current supplied by the battery splits up, and the amount going through each resistor depends on the resistance. If the values of the three resistors are: With a 10 V battery, by V = I R the total current in the circuit is: I = V / R = 10 / 2 = 5 A. The individual currents can also be found using I = V / R. The voltage across each resistor is 10 V, so: I1 = 10 / 8 = 1.25 A I2 = 10 / 8 = 1.25 A I3=10 / 4 = 2.5 A Note that the currents add together to 5A, the total current.

Conductance
Conductance is the reciprocal of resistance . Unit is mho.

Kirchhoffs Laws
Kirchhoffs first law or point law or current law In any network of conductors, the algebraic sum of currents meeting at a point or junction is zero. Total current leaving a junction = total current entering the junction. I1 I2 I1+(-I2)+(-I3)+I4+(-I5)=0 I1+I4-I2-I3-I5=0 I5 I3 or I1+I4=I2+I3+I5 I4

Kirchhoffs second law

Mesh Law or Voltage Law The algebraic sum of the products of the current and resistance in each of the conductors in any closed mesh or path in a network plus the algebraic sum of the emfs in that path is zero. IR + e.m.f = 0

Laws of Electrostatics
First Law : Like charges of electricity repel each other whereas unlike charges attract each other. Second Law : The force exerted between two point charges i) directly proportional to the product of their strength ii) inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them iii)inversely proportinal to the absolute permissivity of the surrounding medium. FQ1.Q2/d or F=k Q2/d

Potential and potentail diff.

Potentail of an electric field defined as numerically equal to the work done in bringing positive charge of one coulomb from infinity to that point against the electric field. Potential diff of one volt exists between two points if one joule of work done in shifting a charge of one coulomb from one point to the other.

capacitor
A capacitor is essentially consists of two conducting surfaces separated by a layer of an insulating medium called dielectric. The property of a capacitor to store electricity may be called its capacitance. Hence capacitance of a capacitor is the amount of charge required to create a unit potential diff. between its plates. Unit of capacitance is coulomb /volt also called farad. Capacitors in serie 1/C= 1/C1+1/C2+1/C3 Capacitors in parallel C= C1+C2+C3

Flemings Left Hand Rule

Hold out your left hand with fore finger, second finger and thumb at right angles to each other. If fore finger represents direction of the field, and second finger that of the current then thumb gives the direction of the motion i.e. force. (Motor) Reluctance : property of a material which opposes the creation of magnetic flux in it. Unit is reciprocal henry. Magnetic Flux : equal to the total number of lines of induction existing in a magnetic circuit and is analogus to current in electric circuit. It is measured in webers.

Faradays Laws
First Law : whenever the magnetic flux linked with a circuit changes and e.m.f. is always induced. Second Law : The magnitude of the induced e.m.f. is equal to the rate of change of flux linkages.