TMS2033

Differential Equations
Lecture 01:
Solutions of Some Differential Equations
(1) Method of Calculus
(2) Method of Separation of Variables
Summary of Lect 00
ODE, PDE, system of ODE, order, solution

Mathematical models

Direction fields
Equilibrium solutions
Without
solving the
DE
Objectives of Lect 01
To understand the concept of solutions of
DE
General solution, implicit, explicit solution
The solution
Integral curves
To identify an initial value problem
To employ
(1) method of calculus
(2) method of separation of variables
Recall the free fall and owl/mice differential equations:


These equations have the general form y' = ay b
We can use Methods of Calculus to solve differential
equations of this form.
450 5 . 0 , 2 . 0 8 . 9 =
'
=
'
p p v v
Method of Calculus
Revisit Model B: Mice and Owls (1 of 3)
We use methods of calculus, as follows.





450 5 . 0 =
'
p p
( )
C t
C t
C t
e k ke p
e e p
e p
C t p
dt
p
dp
p
dt
dp
= + =
=
=
+ =
=

=
+
} }
, 900
900
900
5 . 0 900 ln
5 . 0
900
900 5 . 0
5 . 0
5 . 0
5 . 0
t
ke p
5 . 0
900 + =
Ex. & Soln.
Solve the differential equation
Solution:
[ Ans: where k is a constant]
Revisit Model B: Integral Curves (2 of 3)
Thus we have infinitely many solutions to our equation,

since k is an arbitrary constant.
Graphs of solutions (integral curves) for several values of k,
and direction field for differential equation, are given below.
Choosing k = 0, we obtain the equilibrium solution, while for
k = 0, the solutions diverge from equilibrium solution.
, 900 450 5 . 0
5 . 0 t
ke p p p + = =
'
Solution
General solution
Revisit Model B: Initial Conditions (3 of 3)
A differential equation often has infinitely many solutions. If
a point on the solution curve is known, such as an initial
condition, then this determines a unique solution.
In the mice/owl differential equation, suppose we know that
the mice population starts out at 850. Then p(0) = 850, and
50
900 850 ) 0 (
0
=
+ = =
k
ke p
Solution
t
e t p
5 . 0
50 900 ) (
: Solution
=
t
ke p
5 . 0
900 + =
Methods of Calculus
To solve the general equation
we use methods of calculus, as follows.






Thus the general solution is
where k is a constant.
b ay y =
'
C at
C at
C at
e k ke a b y
e e a b y
e a b y
C t a a b y
dt a
a b y
dy
a
b
y a
dt
dy
= + =
=
=
+ =
=

|
.
|

\
|
=
+
} }
, /
/
/
/ ln
/
,
at
ke
a
b
y + =
Proof
Initial Value Problem
Next, we solve the initial value problem

From previous slide, the solution to differential equation is

Using the initial condition to solve for k, we obtain


and hence the solution to the initial value problem is
at
e
a
b
y
a
b
y
(

+ =
0
0
) 0 ( , y y b ay y = =
'
at
ke a b y + =
a
b
y k ke
a
b
y y = + = =
0
0
0
) 0 (
Proof
Equilibrium Solution & Solution Behaviour
Recall: To find equilibrium solution, set y' = 0 & solve for y:


From previous slide, our solution to initial value problem is:


Note the following solution behavior:
If y
0
= b/a, then y is constant, with y(t) = b/a
If y
0
> b/a and a > 0 , then y increases exponentially without bound
If y
0
> b/a and a < 0 , then y decays exponentially to b/a
If y
0
< b/a and a > 0 , then y decreases exponentially without bound
If y
0
< b/a and a < 0 , then y increases asymptotically to b/a
a
b
t y b ay y
set
= = =
'
) ( 0
at
e
a
b
y
a
b
y
(

+ =
0
Note
Ref. : Ch 2.2 Boyce & DiPrima
From method of calculus extended to
Separable Equations
In this section, we examine a subclass of linear and nonlinear
first order equations. Consider the first order equation


For example, let M(x,y) = - f (x,y) and N (x,y) = 1. We can
rewrite this in the form

(There may be other ways as well.)

If M is a function of x only and N is a function of y only, then

In this case, the equation is called separable.
0 ) , ( ) , ( = +
dx
dy
y x N y x M
0 ) ( ) ( = + dy y N dx x M
) , ( y x f
dx
dy
=
Definition
Example 1.2: Solving a Separable Equation
Solve the following first order nonlinear equation:


Solution: Separating variables, and using calculus, we obtain





The equation above defines the solution y implicitly. A
graph showing the direction field and implicit plots of several
integral curves for the differential equation is given above.
1
1
2
2

+
=
y
x
dx
dy
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
C x x y y
dx x dy y
dx x dy y
+ + =
+ =
+ =
} }
3 3
2 2
2 2
3
1
3
1
1 1
1 1
Ex. & Soln.
C x x y y + + = 3 3
3 3
Example 1.3:
Implicit and Explicit Solutions (1 of 4)
Solve the following first order nonlinear equation:


Solution: Separating variables and using calculus, we obtain



The equation above defines the solution y implicitly. An
explicit expression for the solution can be found in this case:
( ) 1 2
2 4 3
2

+ +
=
y
x x
dx
dy
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
} }
+ + =
+ + =
dx x x dy y
dx x x dy y
2 4 3 1 2
2 4 3 1 2
2
2
( )
( )
2
2 2 4 4 2
0 2 2 2
2 3
2 3 2
C x x x
y C x x x y y
+ + + +
= = + + +
Ex. & Soln.
C x x x y y + + + = 2 2 2
2 3 2
C x x x y + + + = 2 2 1
2 3
Example 1.3: (2 of 4)
Solution: Using the implicit expression of y, we obtain


Thus the implicit equation defining y is

Using explicit expression of y,


It follows that
4 1 1
2 2 1
2 3
= =
+ + + =
C C
C x x x y
3 ) 1 ( 2 ) 1 (
2 2 2
2
2 3 2
= =
+ + + =
C C
C x x x y y
3 2 2 2
2 3 2
+ + + = x x x y y
4 2 2 1
2 3
+ + + = x x x y
Solution
(a) Suppose we seek a solution satisfying y(0) = -1.
Example 1.3: (3 of 4)
Solution:
Then, we choose the positive sign, instead of negative sign,
on square root term:

[Work it out ]
] 4 2 2 1 : Ans. [
2 3
+ + + + = x x x y
Solution
(b) Find the explicit solution if initial condition is y(0) = 3.
Example 1.3: (4 of 4)
Thus the solutions to the initial value problem


are given by


From explicit representation of y, it follows that

and hence domain of y is 2 < y < . Note x = -2 yields y =
1, which makes denominator of dy/dx zero (vertical tangent).
Conversely, domain of y can be estimated by locating vertical
tangents on graph (useful for implicitly defined solutions).
(explicit) 4 2 2 1
(implicit) 3 2 2 2
2 3
2 3 2
+ + + =
+ + + =
x x x y
x x x y y
( ) ( ) ( )( ) 2 2 1 2 2 2 1
2 2
+ + = + + + = x x x x x y
( )
1 ) 0 ( ,
1 2
2 4 3
2
=

+ +
= y
y
x x
dx
dy
Solution
Example 1.4: (1 of 2)
Consider the following initial value problem:


Solution: Separating variables and using calculus, we obtain





Using the initial condition, it follows that
1 ) 0 ( ,
3 1
cos
3
=
+
=
'
y
y
x y
y
C x y y
dx x dy y
y
dx x dy
y
y
+ = +
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
+
} }
sin ln
cos 3
1
cos
3 1
3
2
3
1 sin ln
3
+ = + x y y
Ex. & Soln.
Example 1.4: (2 of 2)
Thus


The graph of this solution (black), along with the graphs of
the direction field and several integral curves (blue) for this
differential equation, is given below.
1 sin ln 1 ) 0 ( ,
3 1
cos
3
3
+ = + =
+
=
'
x y y y
y
x y
y
Solution
Revisit Model A: Free Fall Eq. (1 of 3)
Recall equation modeling free fall descent of 10 kg object,
assuming an air resistance coefficient = 2 kg/sec:

Suppose object is dropped from 300 m. above ground.
(a) Find velocity at any time t.
(b) How long until it hits ground and how fast will it be moving then?
Solution: For part (a), we need to solve the initial value
problem
Using result from previous slide, we have
0 ) 0 ( , 2 . 0 8 . 9 = =
'
v v v
v dt dv 2 . 0 8 . 9 / =
t at
e v e
a
b
y
a
b
y
2 .
0
2 . 0
8 . 9
0
2 . 0
8 . 9

(

+ =
(

+ =
Ex. & Soln.
( )
t
e v
2 .
1 49

=
Revisit Model A: Free Fall Eq. (2 of 3)
The graph of the solution found in part (a), along with the
direction field for the differential equation, is given below.
( )
t
e v
v v v
2 .
1 49
0 ) 0 ( , 2 . 0 8 . 9

=
= =
'
Solution
Revisit Model A: Free Fall Eq.
Part (b): Time and Speed of Impact (3 of 3)
Next, given that the object is dropped from 300 m. above
ground, how long will it take to hit ground, and how fast will
it be moving at impact?
Solution: Let s(t) = distance object has fallen at time t.
It follows from our solution v(t) that


Let T be the time of impact. Then

Using a solver, T ~ 10.51 sec, hence
245 245 49 ) ( 245 0 ) 0 (
245 49 ) ( 49 49 ) ( ) (
2 .
2 . 2 .
+ = = =
+ + = = =
'

t
t t
e t t s C s
C e t t s e t v t s
300 245 245 49 ) (
2 .
= + =
T
e T T s
( ) ft/sec 01 . 43 1 49 ) 51 . 10 (
) 51 . 10 ( 2 . 0
~ =

e v
Solution

Summary
Understood the concept of:
General solution
The solution (implicit or explicit) of a DE
Able to identify an initial value problem
What is initial condition?
Able to solve DE by using
(1) Method of Calculus
(2) Method of separation of variables