Beetle Kill in the Upper Chewaucan

Beetle Kill from Bald Butte

Beetle Status
300000+ acres currently infested Plots in upper Chewaucan appear static No changes from 2007 to 2008 Beetles appear to be moving:
North: Thompson Reservoir area South/west: Bly Area South/east: Lower Chewaucan

Characteristics of Beetle Killed Trees

50% of all trees 50% Lodgepole/ 30% Ponderosa if mixed forest PinCon diameter larger than 8.3 in (average DBH 18in) PinPon smaller than 30cm (12in) or old growth in dense stands or marginal areas Average Basal Area of dead lodgepole around 80 BA of area before beetle kill >150 Fastest growing trees targeted

Characteristics of beetle infested and healthy trees in stands

Comparison of beetle infested and uninfested lodgepole pine
60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 DBH(in) Height(ft) 45 40 35 30 25 Infested lodgepole Living Lodgepole 38.4 18.3 8.9 Infested lodgepole Living Lodgepole 53 45

Comparison of beetle infested and uninfested lodgepole pine

Comparison of beetle infested and uninfested lodgepole pine

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 CR (%) MCW (ft) 0.57 0.46 Infested lodgepole Living Lodgepole 6.45 7.1

20 15 10 5 0

14.6

16.02

18.9

Rings/cm

Moisture %

Characteristics of Unaffected Trees

50% of all trees (around 150 trees per acre unaffected- smaller trees) Lodgepole DBH< 8.9in, Height<50 ft Ponderosa (if present) DBH>16in, Height>50ft BA = 70 to 80 after beetle kill
(composed of small trees <46 ft tall)

Dense wood, suppressed trees survive (Lodgepole) Thick bark >3 inches survive (Ponderosa)

Miscellaneous Observations
Soil Moisture Low around live trees and high around infected trees (Dying trees stop releasing moisture also in preferred (best sites) Lodgepole Cambium moisture higher in dying trees than live trees, and low in dead trees (Healthy fast growing lodgepole are selected) Uninfected trees generally had no beetle holes indicating they were targeted differently than the infected trees. (Large surface area of largest lodgepole appears to cause beetles to release pheromones attracting more beetles) Infected trees had an average of 4.3 beetles holes per square foot

Beetle Entry

Affects on Old Growth Ponderosa

Thick bark next to cambium of healthy trees keeps beetles from reaching cambium over several years. Beetles burrow 3-4cm in a year feeding on pitch tubes in puzzle bark. It takes 3 years for a beetle to reach cambium at that rate. Bark tends to slough as pitch source is reduced reducing the distance to cambium for next wave of beetles

Old Growth Pine

Beetle Effects in Marginal Stands of Ponderosa Pine

Trees in marginal areas have thin bark, often less than 2cm, covering the cambium. Bark thickness at the V junction is often around .5cm from cambium allowing tree to become infested easily and killed within 1 year Dense stands of understory or stocking of large trees greater than 30 TPA become stressed and prone to beetle infestation Large concave, platy bark surface areas on trees are common

Thin Bark on Infected Ponderosa in Marginal Areas

Currier Springs

Currier Springs

Cummins Creek

Rock Springs

Rock Springs

South Fork Sycan

South Fork of Sycan River

Lee Thomas Turnoff

Lee Thomas Turnoff

Ingram

North of Ingram

Campbell Lake Turnoff

Campbell Lake

Downed Wood Summary Values

stand species DBHq AveDBH TPA AveHt TBA SDI CurtisRD TVolPerA cre

Campbell

OT

13.3

12.45

113.3

56.3

109.26

179

30

6559.9

CurrierS

OT

11.92

10.66

84.61

47.7

65.56

112.1

19

4893.8

Ingram

OT

13.85

13.32

49.21

70.6

51.49

83

13.8

4027.8

LeeThom

OT

15.92

15.64

39.48

71.9

54.59

83.3

13.7

4268.6

RockSp

OT

9.76

9.51

99.63

42.2

51.78

95.9

16.6

1677.1

SFSycan

OT

11.04

10.95

37.85

38.5

25.18

44.4

7.6

1264.8

Avg/Acre

Lodgepole

12.6

12.1

70.7

54.5

59.6

99.6

16.8

3782.0

Beetle Kill Aftermath

Most snags (DBH<20cm) down in 5 years
PinCon snags from beetle kill dont last long Much down already (3-4 years)

Jackstraw logs resting on other logs

Will dry out and decompose extremely slowly
50 years?

Inhibit large game occupation Dense standing and dense when DWD

Fire potential
Very high in snag stage

400+ stems per stand 50% dead / 90% largest trees dead Ladder fuels 5 to 20 years?
50+ stems on ground rotting 100+ jackstrawed dry stems 20 large snags to carry fire to canopy 5 to 50 years?

Very high in jackstrawed stage

Fire results
70% extremely hot over 90% of area All vegetation destroyed
Dead, living, regenerating trees

Majority of soils bisked

Mt. Mazama ash soils bisked at <400 C 400+ C at soil surface from DWD Humus layers plasticized Hydrophobic soils for years Lost capacity to absorb and store water High erosion Little natural regeneration (most seed destroyed)
Non serrotonous seeds in our area

Very slow recovery

New even age stands in non catastrophic areas

Recommendations
Uneven age ecosystem and regenerated seedlings worth preserving
Well stocked with trees 4 10 inch DBH
Meets recommended BA of 40 sq. ft / acre

Good number of trees > 40 ft tall Well stocked with seedlings < 10 ft tall

Divide areas into similar units within watersheds and separate with 100m boundaries
Fire restricted to a small area (500 acres) Will create a diverse mosaic over time that will be more resistant to beetle infestations and catastrophic fire

Beetle Proofing?
Beetles appear to prefer large lodgepole Beetles appear to leave when large lodgepole densities in the stand are low (BA 40 60) Beetles appear to move through a stand quickly when the basal area of large lodgepole is 30 or less regardless of overall stand density Beetles take 3 or more years to kill large Ponderosa and appear to play an important role in forest recovery

(Reduce density of large lodgepole and manage for stratified stands)