Unit 12 Gases

What is a Gas?
A gas is a form of matter, it conforms to the shape of its container, fills the container, and is easily compressed.
Kinetic Molecular Theory explains the behavior of gases in motion.

Kinetic Molecular Theory

Based on four important variables: 1. The number of gas particles present (moles) 2. Temperature 3. Pressure 4. Volume

Properties of Gases
Gases do not attract or repel each other Gas particles are smaller than the distance between them Small particles separated by empty space In constant random motion Elastic collisions (no kinetic energy lost) All gases have the same average kinetic energy at a given temperature

Temperature
Temperature the average of kinetic energy in a sample. Temperature must be expressed in Kelvin when calculating gas law problems. C + 273 = K

Behavior of Gases
Low density Can be compressed (decrease volume) Can expand (to the volume of the container)

Pressure
Gas Pressure the force exerted on an area

A barometer measures atmospheric pressure in a open container. A manometer measures gas pressure in a closed container.

Barometer

Manometer

Units of Pressure
Unit Abbreviation Pressure 1.0 760 760 101.3

Atmospheres Atm Torr Torr

Millimeters of mmHg Mercury Kilopascals KPa

Standard Temperature and Pressure The molar volume of a gas is the volume that one mole occupies at 0.0 C and 1.0 atm pressures. These conditions of temperature and pressure are known as Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP).

Law 1: Daltons Law

Daltons Law - The total pressure of a gas is the sum of the partial pressures Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3

Dalton Practice Problem

What is the partial pressure of O2, if the partial pressure of CO2, is 0.70 atm and the partial pressure of N2 is 0.12 atm? The total pressure is 0.97 atm.

Law 2: Boyles Law

Boyles Law - If the amount of substance and temperature is constant, pressure (P) is inversely proportional to the volume (V). ** The plot of an inverse relationship results in an downward curve. ** The new and original volume and temperature must be in the same units.

Boyles Law Formula

V1P1 = V2P2

V1 = original volume V2 = new volume P1 = original pressure P2 = new pressure

Boyles Practice Problem

The volume of a gas at 99.0 kPa is 300.0 mL. If the pressure is increased to 199 kPa, what will be the new volume?

Charless Law
Charles Law - At a constant pressure, volume (V) has a direct relationship to Kelvin temperature (T). **The plot of a direct relationship is a straight line.

Charles Law Formula

V1 = V2 T1 T2 V1 = original volume V2= new volume T1 = original temperature T2 = new temperature

Charles Practice Problems

A gas at 89 C occupies a volume at 0.67 L. At what temperature will the volume increase to 1.12 L?

Gay Lussacs Law

Gay Lussacs Law-At a constant volume, pressure (P) has a direct relationship to Kelvin temperature (T). **The plot of a direct relationship is a straight line.

Gay Lussac Law Formula

P1 = P2 T1 T2 P1 = original pressure P2 = new pressure T1 = original temperature T2 = new temperature

Gay Lussac Practice Problem

A gas in a sealed container has a pressure of 125 kPa at a temperature of 30.0C . If the pressure in the container is increased to 201 kPa, what is the new temperature?

Combined Gas Law

The combined gas law- States the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature of a fixed amount of gas.

Combined Gas Law Formula

P1V1 = P2V2 T1 T2 P1 = original pressure P2 = new pressure V1 = original volume V2= new volume T1 = original temperature T2 = new temperature

Combined Gas Law Practice Problem

At 0.0C and 1.0 atm pressure, a sample of gas occupies 30.0mL. If the temperature is increased to 30.0C and the entire gas sample is transferred to a 20.0mL container, what will be the gas pressure inside the container?

Ideal Gas Law

The Ideal Gas Law describes the physical behavior of an ideal gas in terms of the pressure , volume, temperature, and number of moles of gas present.

Ideal Gas Law

PV = nRT

P= pressure V = volume (must be in Liters) n = number of moles R= constant T= temperature (must be in K)

** The value of R depends on the units used for pressure.

Pressure Unit Value of R

Atm
Torr mmHG kPa

0.0821
62.4 62.4 8.31

Ideal v. Real Gas

Ideal Gases Particles take up no space No intermolecular forces present (reactions between molecules) Does not exist

Real Gases Gas particles has volume Intermolecular forces present (reactions between molecules) Exist

Ideal Gas Practice Problem

If the pressure exerted by a gas at 25C in a volume of 0.044 L is 3.81 atm, how many moles of gas are present?