ELECTRIC VEHICLE

The vehicle consists of an electric battery for energy storage, an electric motor, and a controller. The battery is normally recharged from mains electricity via a plug and a battery charging unit that can either be carried onboard or fitted at the charging point. The controller will normally control the power supplied to the motor, and hence the vehicle speed, in forward and reverse.

ELECTRIC VEHICLE COMPONENT Battery

Motor Controller Charger DC/DC Converter

A battery consists of two or more electric cells joined together. The cells convert chemical energy to electrical energy. The cells consist of positive and negative electrodes joined by an electrolyte. It is the chemical reaction between the electrodes and the electrolyte which generates DC electricity.

Lead-acid (Pb-acid) Nickel-metal hydride Lithium-ion (Li-ion) Lithium-polymer (Li-poly) Sodium-sulfur (NaS) Zinc-air (Zn-Air) Sodium metal chloride

 The best known and most widely used battery for electric vehicles is the lead acid battery. In the lead acid cells the negative plates have a spongy lead as their active material. the positive plates have an active material of lead dioxide. The plates are immersed in an electrolyte of dilute sulphuric acid. The sulphuric acid combines with the lead and the lead oxide to produce lead sulphate and water, electrical energy being released during the process.

 The lead acid battery is simple and inexpensive to manufacture. Lead acid batteries are environmentally sound in that they are recycled at an incredibly high rate. 98% of lead acid batteries are recycled. With low energy density, poor weight-to-energy density limits its use to stationary and wheeled applications. However, they have low specific energy and it is hard to see how a long-range vehicle can be designed using a lead acid battery. Lead acid will undoubtedly continue for some considerable time to be widely used for short-range vehicles.

REACTION
The NiMH battery is termed an alkaline storage battery due to the use of potassium hydroxide (KOH) as the electrolyte. The positive electrode of the NiMH battery is nickel hydroxide. . the nickel active material is insoluble in the KOH electrolyte which leads to longer life and better abuse tolerance The active material for the negative electrode in the NiMH battery is actually hydrogen, the same as it is in a nickel hydrogen battery, except that the hydrogen ions (protons) are stored in the metal hydride structure which also serves as the

 High electrolyte conductivity allows for high power applications The battery system can be sealed, minimizing maintenance and leakage issues Operation is possible over a wide temperature range Long life characteristics offset higher initial cost than some other technologies Higher energy density and lower cost per watt or watt-hour

 The positive electrode is made of Lithium cobalt oxide, or LiCoO2. The negative electrode is made of carbon. When the battery charges, ions of lithium move through the electrolyte from the positive electrode to the negative electrode and attach to the carbon. During discharge, the lithium ions move back to the LiCoO2 from the carbon. The movement of these lithium ions happens at a fairly high voltage, so each cell produces 3.7 volts. This is much higher than the 1.5 volts typical of a normal alkaline cell.

 The separator is a very thin sheet of microperforated plastic. As the name implies, it separates the positive and negative electrodes while allowing ions to pass through. Their is some kind of pressure-sensitive vent hole. If the battery ever gets so hot that it risks exploding from over-pressure, this vent will release the extra pressure. The battery will probably be useless afterwards, so this is something to avoid. The vent is strictly there as a safety measure. So is the Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) switch, a device that is supposed to keep the battery from overheating.

 The electrodes of a lithium-ion battery are made of lightweight lithium and carbon. Lithium is also a highly reactive element, meaning that a lot of energy can be stored in its atomic bonds. This translates into a very high energy density for lithium-ion batteries. Here is a way to get a perspective on the energy density. A typical lithiumion battery can store 150 watt-hours of electricity in 1 kilogram of battery. A NiMH (nickel-metal hydride) battery pack can store perhaps 100 watt-hours per kilogram, although 60 to 70 watt-hours might be more typical. A lead-acid battery can store only 25 watt-hours per kilogram. Using lead-acid technology, it takes 6 kilograms to store the same amount of energy that a 1 kilogram lithium-ion battery can handle. They hold their charge. A lithium-ion battery pack loses only about 5 percent of its charge per month, compared to a 20 percent loss per month for NiMH batteries.

 Lithium-air batteries are complex electrochemical systems consisting of a porous electrode allowing oxygen from the air to be reduced, a negative electrode of a pure lithium metal and an electrolyte which is an organic solvent with a lithium salt. This combination gives a high energy density. It is a metal-air battery chemistry that uses the oxidation of lithium at the anode and reduction of oxygen at the cathode to induce a current flow.

 Corrosion of the air electrode catalysts is considered to result from oxidation of carbon to form Li2CO3. The electrolyte vaporization and anode hydrolysis are limiting the capacity of Lithium-air batteries, therefore different ionic hydrophobic liquids have been investigated due to their resistance to water and low evaporation rates

 Because of the frequent stop-and-go operation of EVs , the discharging and charging profile of the energy storage is highly varied. The average power required from the energy storage is much lower than the peak power for acceleration and hill climbing in a relatively short duration. Capacitors are devices in which two conducting plates are separated by an insulator. A DC voltage is connected across the capacitor, one plate being positive the other negative. The opposite charges on the plates attract and hence store energy. The large energy storing capacitors with large plate areas have come to be called ultracapacitors. The energy source, mainly batteries and fuel cells, has high specific energy, whereas the power source has high specific power. Power sources can be recharged from the

 PRINCIPLE : When a wire carrying electric current is placed into a magnetic field, a magnetic force acting on the wire is produced. The magnetic force is proportional to the wire length, magnitude of the electric current, and the density of the magnetic field; that Is: F = BIL There is a definite relationship between the direction of the magnetic field, the direction of current in the conductor, and the direction in which the conductor tends to move. This relationship is explained by using the RIGHT-HAND RULE FOR MOTORS

 Series wound type of motor develops a very large amount of turning force, called torque, from a standstill. Series DC motors are suitable for applications requiring high starting torque and heavy torque overload, such as traction. Another characteristic is that the speed varies widely between no-load and full-load. They are not allowed to operate without the load torque with full supply voltage. Otherwise, their speed will quickly increase up to a very high value Some load must ALWAYS be connected to a series motor before you turn it on . Another disadvantage is the difficulty of regenerative braking. In case of shunt DC motor the speed remains relatively constant even under changing load conditions. One reason for this is that the field flux remains constant. In compound type, The shunt field gives this type of motor the constant speed advantage of a regular shunt motor. The series field gives it the advantage of being able to develop a large torque when the motor is started

 It has the permanent magnets glued on the rotor. It has usually 4 magnets around the perimeter. The stator of the motor is composed by the electromagnets, usually 4 of them, placed in a cross pattern with 90o angle between them. The major advantage of the brushless motors is that, due to the fact that the rotor carries only the permanent magnets, it needs of NO power at all. No connection needs to be done with the rotor, thus, no brushcommutator pair needs to be made. The trick of operation in BLDC motors is the Hall sensor that is attached to the stator. It faces the magnets perpendicularly and can distinguish if the North or South pole is in front of it.

 The Hall sensor is this little component under the right electromagnet. When it senses the South pole, it keeps the coils turned off. When the sensor senses no magnetic field (or could be also the South pole), then it turns on the coils. The coils have both the same magnetic polarity which is North. So they pull the opposite pole and torque is then created. There is no sparking and much less electrical noise. There are no brushes to wear out. With the electromagnets on the stator, they are very easy to cool. The only disadvantage of a brushless motor is its higher initial cost, but you can often recover that cost through the greater efficiency over the life of the motor.

 An induction or asynchronous motor is a type of AC motor where power is supplied to the rotor by means of electromagnetic induction. A cross section of a two-pole induction motor is shown in Figure. Slots in the inner periphery of the stator are inserted with three phase windings. The turns of each winding are distributed such that the current in the winding produces an approximate sinusoidally distributed flux density around the periphery of the air gap. The three windings are spatially arranged by 120 The stator is connected to a 3-phase AC power supply. In the following illustration phase A is connected to phase A of the power supply. Phase B and C would also be connected to phases B and C of the power supply

 To see how a rotor works, a magnet mounted on a shaft can be substituted for the squirrel cage rotor. When the stator windings are energized a rotating magnetic field is established. The magnet has its own magnetic field that interacts with the rotating magnetic field of the stator. The north pole of the rotating magnetic field attracts the south pole of the magnet, and the south pole of the rotating magnetic field attracts the north pole of the magnet. As the rotating magnetic field rotates, it pulls the magnet along causing it to rotate.

 A controller basically is the brain or computer of an electric car. This computer controls or governs the performance of the electric motor. The controller integrates the motor speeds and expected battery range/speed through its energy density. Coordinating between the controller and the motor can help a car accelerate from 0 to 60 in 6 to 7 seconds (or less), which can determine the range of the car and the top speed. The controller controls both manual or automatic drive systems for starting and stopping, going forward or backward, governing the speed, regulating or limiting the torque, and protecting against overloads and faults.

 Switch Controller: they are a set of big switches that connect the batteries and motor(s) in various series/parallel combinations to get discrete speeds. Solid-State Controller: The DC brushed motor with solidstate controller is the most common type. These controllers have been used for decades in all types of electric vehicles, and are widely available . Basically, they use solid-state switches (SCR, transistor, MOSFET, IGBT, etc.) to replace the mechanical switches in a switch controller. These are more common among lower voltage controllers since low voltage MOSFETs tend to have very low on resistance (and hence power loss).

 AC Controller: The AC motor with solid-state inverter is the most sophisticated type. They are used in high-end EVs where meeting performance objectives is more important than cost. An AC induction motor or AC PM motor (often called a brushless DC motor) is driven by an inverter that converts battery DC voltage into variable voltage variable frequency 3-phase AC. New EV sports cars and the recent auto company produced EVs all used AC drive systems. Like modern ICEs, these AC controllers are very complex and expensive, but offer the most advanced features (like cruise control and regenerative braking) and provide the best overall range.

 The charger is an attached and inseparable part of every electric vehicle battery system. The Magna-Charge System: A charging station mounted to the wall of the house A charging system in the trunk of the car The charging station is hard-wired to a 240-volt 40-amp circuit through the house's circuit panel. The charging system sends electricity to the car using this inductive paddle. The paddle acts as one half of a transformer. The other half is inside the car, positioned around the slot behind the license plate. When you insert the paddle, it forms a complete transformer with the slot, and power transfers to the car.

 Inductive charging uses an electromagnetic field to transfer energy between two objects. This is usually done with a charging station. Energy is sent through inductive coupling to an electrical device, which then can use that energy to charge batteries. Because there is a small gap between the two coils employed in each of the sender and receiver of the energy within the respective devices, inductive charging is considered a short-distance "wireless" energy transfer. Induction chargers typically use an induction coil to create an alternating electromagnetic field from within a charging base station, and a second induction coil in the portable device takes power from the electromagnetic field and converts it back into electrical current to charge the battery.

Benefits: Convenience and simplicity for electric vehicle owners . Enables easy, automatic charging by simply parking a vehicle in a garage or parking spot System activates the moment a vehicle is aligned with the charging pad. No plugs or charging cords needed Environmental factors such as snow or rain would have no effect on the wireless energy transfer Low maintenance for commercial and public installations No moving / mechanical parts Helps advance the establishment of a global infrastructure for electric vehicle charging Disadvantage: Inductive charging also requires drive electronics and coils, increasing the complexity and cost of manufacturing.

 Regenerative braking is used in vehicles that make use of electric motors, primarily fully electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles. electric motor is that, when it's run in one direction, it converts electrical energy into mechanical energy that can be used to perform work (such as turning the wheels of a car), but when the motor is run in the opposite direction, a properly designed motor becomes an electric generator, converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. Momentum is the property that keeps the vehicle moving forward once it's been brought up to speed. Once the motor has been reversed, the electricity generated by the motor is fed back into the batteries.

Advantages of EVs: 1) Electricity is readily available. 2) Since there is no IC engine, the vehicle runs noiselessly, in fact many times you wont even know that a vehicle has just passed you. 3) There are no emissions from EVs making them environmental friendly. 4) Manufacturing EVs is very easy; you have to merely assemble various components of the vehicle. This is especially true for small motorcycles or mopeds. 5) EVs require less maintenance.

Disadvantages of EVs:
1) The major disadvantage of EVs is that the battery has to be charged regularly. The normal working range of battery is about 50-130 miles and it takes about 6-8 hours to recharge completely. 2) If you are traveling a long distance, you may be at the risk of the battery running out. As such there are no battery charging stations available on roads and highways. In some states like California and Arizona, shopping malls and some stores offer charging facilities, but they are not available everywhere. In future the trend of providing charging points is surely going to spread across other businesses and states. To compensate for this, you can chose a hybrid car, which can run on gasoline when the battery runs out.

3) Though the vehicle running on electricity does not produce pollution, the power plants producing electricity do produce pollution. The pollutants created by thermal power plants are one of major source of air-pollution. The electricity generated from solar energy is totally pollution free.

THANK YOU