DR.

YADER ALVARADO RADIOLOGIA

Dr. Yader Alvarado

Cuerpo Bordes Ramas Estructura Osificacin

Dr. Yader Alvarado

Dr. Yader Alvarado

1.- Linea oblicua externa. Continuacion del margen anterior de la rama ascendenta 2.- Cresta temporal con el trigono retromolar 3.- Agujero mental 4.- Canal mandibular 5.- Hueso compacto mandibular.

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1.- Linea oblicua externa 2.- Cresta temporal con trgono retro molar. 3.- Agujero Mentoneano 4.- Canal mandibular 5.- Hueso compacto de la mandibula

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1.- Porcin labial del septun interdental 2.- Porcin lingual del septun interdental 3.- Espina mental 4.- Canal vascular 5.- Canal vascular 6.- Fosa Mentoneana 7.- Efecto de quemado 8.- Sombra causada por la prominencia mentn 9.- Hueso compacto de la mandbula

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LEYENDA
1. Banda proximal de esmalte en forma de hoja de cuchillo. 2. Muon de dentina. 3. Cmara Pulpar. 4. Lmite cervical o casquete del esmalte. 5. Borde del alvolo. 6. Tabique interdentario. 7. Conducto. 8. Espacio Periodntico. 9. Lmina dura.
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1.- septun nasal 7.- Seno maxilar 8.- Reborde orbitario 9.- Borde nasal 10.- Espina nasal anterior 11.- Borde laterobasal de la cavidad nasal 12.- Porcin horizontal del paladar y dorso de la lengua 13.- Sombra del hueso Hioides 14.- Aire en la epifaringe

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1.- Foramen mandibular 2.- Proceso cornide 3.- Arco cigomtico 4.- Vertebra cervical 5.- Efecto causado por aire contenido en epifaringe 7.- Agujero Mentoneana 8.- Canal mandibular
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1.- Ligamento periodontal 2.- Trabeculado oseo 3.- Cuerpo de la mandibula 4.- Foramen mental Superpuesto en el apice del premolar 5.- Canal mandibular

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1.- Espina nasal anterior 2.- Reborde de la cavidad nasal 3.- Cresta maxilar nasal y septun nasal 4.- Concha nasal superpuesta 5.- Hueso nasal 6.- Seno maxilar 7.- Margen infraorbitario 8.- Canal naso lagrimal. 9.- Hueso compacto bucal y lingual 10.- Espina mental 11.- Foramen mental

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1.- Espina nasal anterior 2.- Reborde de la cavidad nasal 3.- Cresta maxilar nasal y septun nasal 4.- Concha nasal superpuesta 5.- Hueso nasal 6.- Seno maxilar 7.- Margen infraorbitario 8.- Canal naso lagrimal.

Dr. Yader Alvarado

Mandibular Incisor
a. lingual foramen b. genial tubercles c. mental ridge d. mental fossa

d a b c
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lingual view

facial view

d b a

a = lingual foramen
b = genial tubercles
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c = mental ridge
d = mental fossa

lingual view

Lingual foramen. Radiolucent hole in center of genial tubercles. Lingual nutrient vessels pass through this foramen.
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lingual view

Genial tubercles. Radiopaque area in the midline, midway between the inferior border of the mandible and the apices of the incisors. Serve as attachments for the genioglossus and geniohyoid muscles. May have radiolucent hole in center (lingual foramen), but not on this film. Note double rooted canine (red Dr. Yader Alvarado

facial view

Mental ridge. These represent the raised portions of the mental protuberance on either side of the midline. More commonly seen when using the bisecting angle technique, when the x-ray beam is directed at an upward angle through the ridges. Dr. Yader Alvarado

facial view

Mental fossa. This represents a depression on the labial aspect of the mandible overlying the roots of the incisors. The resulting radiolucency may be mistaken for pathology.
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The radiolucent area above corresponds to the location of the mental fossa. However, this slide represents chronic periapical periodontitis; these teeth are non-vital, due to trauma.
Dr. Yader Alvarado

The orange arrows above identify nutrient canals. They are most often seen in older persons with thin bone, and in those with high blood pressure or advanced periodontitis.

Mandibular Canine

a = mental ridge b = genial tubercles/ lingual foramen c = mental foramen

b
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facial view

lingual view

b b2 d2

d a
d c
a = mental ridge c = mental foramen
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b d1
b1 = genial tubercles

b2 = lingual foramen

facial view

Mental ridge. The raised portions of the mental protuberance, sloping downward and backward from the midline.
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lingual view

Lingual foramen/genial tubercles. (See description under mandibular incisor above).

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facial view

The red arrows identify the mandibular canal and the blue arrow points to the mental foramen.
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Mandibular Premolar

a = mylohyoid ridge b = mandibular canal c = submandibular gland fossa d = mental foramen

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facial view

lingual view

a c

b = mandibular canal d = mental foramen

a = mylohyoid ridge (internal oblique) c = submandibular gland fossa

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lingual view

Mylohyoid (internal oblique) ridge. This radiopaque ridge is the attachment for the mylohyoid muscle. The ridge runs downward and forward from the third molar region to the area of the premolars.

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facial view

Mandibular canal. (Inferior alveolar canal). Runs downward from the mandibular foramen to the mental foramen, passing close to the roots of the molars. More easily seen in the molar periapical.

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lingual view

Submandibular gland fossa. The depression below the mylohyoid ridge where the submandibular gland is located. More obvious in the molar periapical film.
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facial view

Mental foramen. Usually located midway between the upper and lower borders of the body of the mandible, in the area of the premolars. May mimic pathology if superimposed over the apex of one of the premolars.
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Mandibular Molar

a = external oblique ridge b = mylohyoid ridge c = mandibular canal d = submandibular gland fossa
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facial view

lingual view

b c d

a = external oblique ridge b = mylohyoid ridge c = mandibular canal d = submandibular gland fossa

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b d

c
a = external oblique ridge b = mylohyoid ridge c = mandibular canal d = submandibular gland fossa
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facial view

External oblique ridge. A continuation of the anterior border of the ramus, passing downward and forward on the buccal side of the mandible. It appears as a distinct radiopaque line which usually ends anteriorly in the area of the first molar. Serves as an attachment of the buccinator muscle. (The red arrows point to the mylohyoid ridge).
Dr. Yader Alvarado

lingual view

Mylohyoid ridge (internal oblique). Located on the lingual surface of the mandible, extending from the third molar area to the premolar region. Serves as the attachment of the mylohyoid muscle.
Dr. Yader Alvarado

facial view

Mandibular (inferior alveolar) canal. Arises at the mandibular foramen on the lingual side of the ramus and passes downward and forward, moving from the lingual side of the mandible in the third molar region to the buccal side of the mandible in the premolar region. Contains the inferior alveolar nerve and vessels.
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lingual view

Submandibular gland fossa. A depression on the lingual side of the mandible below the mylohyoid ridge. The submandibular gland is located in this region. Due to the thinness of bone, the trabecular pattern of the bone is very sparse and results in the area being very radiolucent. The fact that it occurs bilaterally helps to differentiate it from pathology.
Dr. Yader Alvarado

The external oblique ridge (red arrows) and the mylohyoid ridge (blue arrows) usually run parallel with each other, with the external oblique ridge always being higher on the film.

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The mandibular canal (red arrows identify inferior border of canal) usually runs very close to the roots of the molars, especially the third molar. This can be a problem when extracting these teeth. Note the extreme dilaceration (curving) of the roots of the third molar (green arrow) in the film at left. The film at right shows kissing impactions located at the superior border of the canal. Dr. Yader Alvarado

Dr. Yader Alvarado

1.- Septun nasal 2.- Cocha nasal inferior 3.- Orbita con el canal infraorbitario 4.- Borde laterobasal de la cavidad nasal 5.- Porcion horizontal del hueso piramidal 6.- Seno maxilar 7.- Orificio nasal dentro del conducto incisivo 8.- Foramen incisivo 9.- Espina nasal anterior con la cresta nasal de la maxila 10.- Borde de la nariz
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1.- Reborde laterobasal de la cavidad nasal. 4.- Borde latero nasal 5.- Canal naso palatino 6.- Agujero incisivo 7.- Efecto de quemado 8.- Raiz palatina del # 14 9.- Cuspide bucal del # 14 10.- Cuspide palatina # 14 11.- Lobulo anterior del seno maxilar.

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Maxillary Incisor
a

b c d e f g

a = nasal septum b = inferior concha c = nasal fossa d = anterior nasal spine e = incisive foramen f = median palatal suture g = soft tissue of nose

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facial view

palatal view

b a d

f e

a = nasal septum b = inferior concha c = nasal fossa d = anterior nasal spine

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e = incisive foramen f = median palatal suture

facial view

Nasal septum
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facial view
a

Inferior concha
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facial view

Nasal fossa
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facial view

Anterior nasal spine

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palatal view

Incisive foramen
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palatal view

Median palatal suture

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Soft tissue of the nose

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The red arrows point to the soft tissue of the nose. The green arrows identify the lip line.
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Maxillary Cuspid
a b c
a = floor of nasal fossa b = maxillary sinus

c = lateral fossa
d = nose

d
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facial view

a c
b

a c
b

a = floor of nasal fossa b = maxillary sinus c = lateral fossa

(a & b formAlvarado Dr. Yader inverted Y)

facial view

Floor of nasal fossa (red arrows) and anterior border of maxillary sinus (blue arrows), forming the inverted (upside down) Y.
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facial view

Lateral fossa. The radiolucency results from a depression above and posterior to the lateral incisor. To help rule out pathology, look for an intact lamina dura surrounding the adjacent
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Maxillary Premolar
a b c
a = malar process b = sinus septum c = sinus recess d = maxillary sinus

d
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facial view

b a c

b a c

a = malar process b = sinus recess c = sinus septum d = maxillary sinus

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facial view

Malar (zygomatic) process. U or j-shaped radiopacity, often superimposed over the roots of the molars, especially when using the bisecting-angle technique. The red arrows define the lower border of the zygomatic bone.
Dr. Yader Alvarado

facial view

Sinus septum. This septum is composed of folds of cortical bone that arise from the floor and walls of the maxillary sinus, extending several millimeters into the sinus. In rare cases, the septum completely divides the sinus into separate compartments.
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facial view

Maxillary Sinus. An air-filled cavity lined with mucous membrane. Communicates with nasal cavity through 3-6 mm opening below middle concha. Red arrows point to neurovascular canal containing superior alveolar vessels and nerves.
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Pneumatization. Expansion of sinus wall into surrounding bone, usually in areas where teeth have been lost prematurely. Increases with age.

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Maxillary Molar
a = maxillary tuberosity b = coronoid process c = hamular process d = pterygoid plates e = zygoma f = maxillary sinus
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e f d c
b a

facial view

e
g d c a f

e
g

d
c a b f

a = maxillary tuberosity* e = zygoma (dotted lines) b = coronoid process f = maxillary sinus c = hamular process g = sinus recess d = pterygoid plates * image of impacted third molar superimposed
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facial view

Maxillary Tuberosity. The rounded elevation located at the posterior aspect of both sides of the maxilla. Aids in the retention of dentures.
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facial view

Coronoid process. A mandibular structure sometimes seen on the maxillary molar periapical film when using the bisecting angle technique with finger retention (The mouth is opened wide, moving the coronoid down and forward). Note the supernumerary molar.
Dr. Yader Alvarado

facial view

Hamular process (white arrows) and pterygoid plates (purple arrows). The hamular process is an extension of the medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone, positioned just posterior to the maxillary tuberosity.
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facial view

Zygomatic (malar) bone/process/arch. The zygomatic bone (white/black arrows) starts in the anterior aspect with the zygomatic process (blue arrow), which has a U-shape. The zygomatic bone extends posteriorly into the zygomatic arch (green arrow).
Dr. Yader Alvarado

The zygomatic process (green arrows) is a prominent U-shaped radiopacity. Normally the zygomatic bone posterior to this is very dense and radiopaque. In this patient, however, the maxillary sinus has expanded into the zygomatic bone and makes the area more radiolucent (red arrows). The coronoid process (orange arrow), the pterygoid plates (blue arrows) and the maxillary tuberosity Yader Alvarado (pink arrows) are also identified. Dr.

1.- Bordes orbitario 2.- Seno maxilar 5.- Fosa Pterigo palatina 6.- Hueso cigomatico 7.- Linea Innominada 8.- Arco cigomatico 9.- Condilo 10.- Conducto auditivo interno 11.- Conducto auditivo externo 12.- Radiolucencia causada por la base del craneo

Dr. Yader Alvarado

1.- Seno maxilar, proceso cigomatico 2.- Hueso cigomatico 3.- Sutura cigomatico temporal 4.- Arco cigomatico 5.- Proceso coronoide de la mandibula 6.- Proceso pterigoide del hueso esfenoidal 7.- Tuberosidad del maxilar 8.- Fosa pterigo palatina 9.- Proceso articual de la mandibula 10.- Tuberculo articular del hueso temp 11.- Proceso Estiloide 12.- Proceso temporal del hueso cigomatico ( linea innominada )

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1.- Esmalte 2.- Area cervical 3.- Raiz dental 4.- Canal pulpar 5.- Espacio del ligamento periodontal 6.- Lamina dura 7.- Margen vestibular del hueso alveolar 8.- Margen palatino del hueso alveolar 9.- Apice 10.- Punta de la nariz 11.- Sutura mediana 12.- Agujero incisivo 13.- Canal nasopalatino 14.- Agujero nasal del canal nasopalat 15.- Apertura piriforme 16.- Espina nasal anterior 17.- Cresta nasal del hueso maxilar 18.- Cartilago nasal 19.- Introitus nasal
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1.- Cuerpo del cigomatico 2.- Proceso cigomatico de la maxila 3.- Proceso piramidal del hueso palatino 4.- Lamina lateral del proceso pterigoide 5.- Hamulus de la lamina medial del proceso pterigoide 6.- Piso del seno maxilar 7.- Borde laterobasal del seno maxilar 8.- Septun del seno 9.- Tuberosidad del maxilar 10.- Cresta alveolar 11.- Proceso coronoide de la mandibula

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Slide # 6

A. The red arrow points to the ?

B. The orange arrow points to the ? C. The blue arrows point to the radiolucent line known as the ?
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Dr. Yader Alvarado

1.- Seno Maxilar 2.- Fisura Pterigo max 3.- Proceso Pterigoide 4.- Hamulus
11 16 15 13 17 12 5 6 14 23 24 19 21 18 4 25 27 32 26 22 20 29 31 1 3 2

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5.- Arco cigomatico 6.- Emiencia articular 7.- Sutura cigomatico-temporal

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8.- Proceso cigamatico 9.- C.A.E 10.- Proceso mastoideo 11.- Fosa craneal media

12.- Borde lateral de la orbita 13.- Reborde infraorb. 14.- Agujero infraorb. 15.- Canal infraorb.
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16.- Fosa nasal 17.- Septum nasal 18.- E.N.A.

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19.- Conchas nasal inferior 20.- Foramen incisivo 21.- Paladar duro 22.- Tuberosidad del maxilar

23.- Condilo 24.- Proceso coronoide 25.- Escotadura sigmoide 26.- Depresion sigmoidal media
11 16 15 13 17 12 5 6 14 23 24 19 21 18 4 25 27 32 26 22 20 29 31 1 3 2

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8 7 9

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27.- Proceso estiloide 28.- Vertebra cervical 29.- Linea oblicua externa
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30.- Canal mandibular 31.- Foramen mandibular 32.- Lingula 33.- Foramen mentoneano

34.- Fosa G. Submandibular 35.- Linea oblicua interna 36.- Fosa Mentoneana 37.- Reborde mental
11 16 15 13 17 12 5 6 14 23 24 19 21 18 4 25 27 32 26 22 20 29 31 1 3 2

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38.- Tuberculo geni 39.- Hueso hiode.

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Panoramic Anatomy Key

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. maxillary sinus pterygomaxillary fissure pterygoid plates hamulus zygomatic arch articular eminence zygomaticotemporal suture zygomatic process external auditory meatus mastoid process middle cranial fossa lateral border of the orbit infraorbital ridge infraorbital foramen infraorbital canal nasal fossa nasal septum anterior nasal spine inferior concha incisive foramen hard palate maxillary tuberosity condyle coronoid process 25. sigmoid notch 26. medial sigmoid depression 27. styloid process 28. cervical vertebrae 29. external oblique ridge 30. mandibular canal 31. mandibular foramen 32. lingula 33. mental foramen 34. submandibular gland fossa 35. internal oblique ridge 36. mental fossa 37. mental ridges 38. genial tubercles 39. hyoid bone 40. tongue 41. soft palate 42. uvula 43. posterior pharyngeal wall 44. ear lobe 45. glossopharyngeal air space 46. nasopharyngeal air space 47. palatoglossal air space
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1- Sutura lambdoidea 2- Coronal 3- Bregma 4- Conducto auditivo 5- Lmina basilar 6- Apfisis clinoides posterior 7- Apfisis clinoides anterior 8- Silla turca 9- Atlas 10- Axis11- Mandbula o maxilar inferior13- Seno esfenoidal 14- Seno frontal 15- Seno maxilar 16Protuberancia occipital interna

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Legend for Fig. 128: 1 Saggital suture 2 Frontal sinus, with septa 3 Cirsta galli with falciform process of cerebrum 4 Cribriform lamina of ethmoid bone 5 Nasal bone 6 Orbit 7 Innominate line (of the major ala) 8 Minor ala of the sphenoid bone 9 Median cranial fossa (borders) 10 Optical canal 11 Superior orbital fissure 12 Infraorbital canal 13 Foramen rotundum (round foramen of sphenoid bone) 14 Ethmoid labyrinth 15 Osseous nasal septum 16 Nasal conchae
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17 Maxillary sinus 18 Zygomatic bone 19 Frontal process of the zygomatic bone 20 Frontal zygomatic suture 21 Zygomatic arch 22 Zygomaticoalveolar crest 23 Condylar process of the mandible 24 Coronoid process of the mandible 25 Mastoid sinuses 26 Petrosal portion of the temporal bone 27 Anterior nasal spine 28 Posterior nasal spine 29 Sphenoidal spine 30 Basilar apophysis 31 Dorsum of the tongue 32 Lateral mass of atlas 33 Odontoid bone (dentoid process of axis)
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Dr. Yader Alvarado