Methods of Separating Mixtures

Magnet Filter Decant Evaporation Centrifuge Chromatography Distillation

Mixture of solid and liquid

Stirring rod

Filtration separates a liquid from a solid

Funnel

Filter paper traps solid

Filtrate (liquid component of the mixture)

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 40

Chromatography
Tie-dye t-shirt Black pen ink

DNA testing
Tomb of Unknown Soldiers Crime scene Paternity testing

Paper Chromatography

Separation by Chromatography
sample mixture

a chromatographic column

stationary phase mobile phase selectively absorbs sweeps sample components down column
http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/matter/slides/sld006.htm

detector

Separation by Chromatography
sample mixture

a chromatographic column

stationary phase mobile phase selectively absorbs sweeps sample components down column
http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/matter/slides/sld006.htm

detector

Ion chromatogram of orange juice

K+

detector response

Na+

Mg2+ Fe3+

Ca2+

10

15

20

25

time (minutes)

Setup to heat a solution

Ring stand

Beaker

Wire gauze Ring

Bunsen burner

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 42

A Heros Fountain
mixture for distillation placed in here

Glass retort

long spout helps vapors to condense

Eyewitness Science Chemistry , Dr. Ann Newmark, DK Publishing, Inc., 1993, pg 13

Furnace

A Distillation Apparatus
thermometer liquid with a solid dissolved in it condenser

tube distilling flask

Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 282

hose connected to cold water faucet

receiving flask

pure liquid

The solution is boiled and steam is driven off.

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 39

Salt remains after all water is boiled off.

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 39

No chemical change occurs when salt water is distilled.

Distillation (physical method) Salt Saltwater solution (homogeneous mixture) Pure water

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 40

Separation of a sand-saltwater mixture.

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 40

Separation of Sand from Salt

1. Gently break up your salt-crusted sand with a plastic spoon. Follow this flowchart to make a complete separation.
Pour into heat-resistant container. Stir and let settle 1 minute.

Saltcrusted sand.

Weigh the mixture.

Fill with water.

Calculate weight of salt.

Weigh sand.

Dry sand. No

Decant clear liquid.

2. How does this flow chart insure a complete separation?

Evaporate to dryness.

Yes

Repeat 3 times?

Wet sand.

Four-stroke Internal Combustion Engine

Different Types of Fuel Combustion

Gasoline (octane) 2 C8H18 + 25 O2 16 CO2 + 18 H2O Methanol (in racing fuel) __CH3OH +__O2 __CO2 +__H2O

Combustion Chamber
-The combustion chamber is the area where compression and combustion take place.

-Gasoline and air must be mixed in the correct ratio.

The Advantages of Methanol Burning Engines

Methanol can run at much higher compression ratios, meaning that you can get more power from the engine on each piston stroke. Methanol provides significant cooling when it evaporates in the cylinder, helping to keep the high-revving, highcompression engine from overheating. Methanol, unlike gasoline, can be extinguished with water if there is a fire. This is an important safety feature.

The ignition temperature for methanol (the temperature at which it starts burning) is much higher than that for gasoline, so the risk of an accidental fire is lower.

A Race Car - Basic Information

At 900 hp, it has about two to three times the horsepower of a "highperformance" automotive engine. For example, Corvettes or Vipers might have 350- to 400-horsepower engines. At 15,000 rpm, it runs at about twice the rpm of a normal automotive engine. Compared to a normal engine, an methanol engine has larger pistons and the pistons travel a shorter distance up and down on each stroke. The motor is lighter. This lowers their inertia and is another factor in the high rpm.

Centrifugation
Spin sample very rapidly: denser materials go to bottom (outside) Separate blood into serum and plasma
Serum (clear) Plasma (contains red blood cells RBCs)
Check for anemia (lack of iron) A B C
AFTER
Before

Serum Blood
RBCs

Water Molecules

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 8

The decomposition of two water molecules.

Water molecules Diatomic oxygen molecule Diatomic hydrogen molecules

Electric current

2 H 2O

O2

2 H2

Electrolysis
electro = electricity lysis = to split
*H1+

Water

Oxygen gas forms

Hydrogen gas forms

H2O(l)
water

O2 (g) + 2 H2 (g)
oxygen hydrogen
Source of direct current Electrode

*Must add acid catalyst to conduct electricity

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 32

Electrolysis of Water
D.C. power source

oxygen gas

hydrogen gas

anode

cathode

Half reaction at the cathode (reduction): 4 H2O + 4 e - 2 H2 + 4 OH 1Half reaction at the anode (oxidation): 2 H2O O2 + 4 H 1+ + 4 e water

Reviewing Concepts
Physical Properties

List seven examples of physical properties. Describe three uses of physical properties. Name two processes that are used to separate mixtures. When you describe a liquid as thick, are you saying that it has a high or low viscosity?

Reviewing Concepts
Physical Properties

Explain why sharpening a pencil is an example of a physical change.

What allows a mixture to be separated by distillation?

Reviewing Concepts
Chemical Properties

Under what conditions can chemical properties be observed? List three common types of evidence for a chemical change. How do chemical changes differ from physical changes?

Reviewing Concepts
Chemical Properties

Explain why the rusting of an iron bar decreases the strength of the bar.

A pat of butter melts and then burns in a hot frying pan. Which of these changes is physical and which is chemical?