Chapter 4 - Atomic Structure

4.1 Studying Atoms

Ancient Greek Models of Atoms
400 BC Greek Philosopher Democritus Believed that all matter consisted of small particles that could not be divided

 Daltons Atomic Theory

John Dalton 1803
All elements are composed of atoms Atoms of the same element are alike Compounds are formed by joining two or more elements

Atoms of the same element

Atoms of different elements

 Plum Pudding Model

JJ Thomson 1897
Most of the atom was pos. charged Atoms had negative charges embedded in pos. charged material

 Rutherfords Model
Ernest Rutherford 1911
Gold Foil Experiment Rutherford fired positively charged particles at a sheet of gold foil Rutherford discovered the nucleus as a result of his experiment

 Planetary Model Bohr Model

Neils Bohr 1913
Electrons move in definite orbits Orbits are referred to as energy levels

Section 1 Assessment
Quick Lab p. 101 Section Assessment 1-8 p. 105

4.2 The Structure of the Atom

Atoms consist of subatomic particles
Protons
Positive charge Located in the nucleus

Neutrons
No charge Located in the nucleus

Electrons
Negative Charge Located in the electron cloud

Atomic Number and Mass Number

Atomic Number
# of protons in the nucleus of an atom Different elements have different numbers of protons Number of protons = Number of electrons

Mass Number
Sum of an atoms protons and neutrons Number of neutrons = mass # - Atomic #

Isotopes
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons and different mass numbers.

Section 2 Assessment
Section assessment questions 1-8 p. 112 Do atomic structure worksheet. Go to library and do element booklets

4.3 Modern Atomic Theory

Energy levels the possible energies that electrons can have Electrons cannot exist between energy levels Electrons can move from one energy level to another when an atom gains or loses energy.

Electron Cloud Model

Electron cloud is a visual model of the most likely locations and motions of electrons in atoms.
The electron cloud is a visual model of the probable locations of electrons in an atom. The probability of finding an electron is higher in the denser regions of the cloud.

Atomic Orbitals
Orbital is a region of space around the nucleus where an electron is likely to be found.

Electron Configurations
Ground state when all the electrons in an atom are in orbitals with the lowest possible energies.

Section 3 Assessment
Quick Lab p. 117 Section assessment questions 1-7 p. 118 Forensics Lab p. 119 Flame Test