PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY

Goldsmiths
University of London
Glenda Pinoargote Parra, M.A. Ed. La Libertad, Prov. Santa Elena Ecuador, S.A. Marzo, 2010

Welcome.!

PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY

1.1 THE DESCRIPTION OF SPEECH 1.2 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF PRONUNCIATION 1.3 LONG AND SHORT SOUNDS 1.4 FRICATIVES AND AFFRICATES 1.5 NASALS AND OTHER CONSONANTS 1.6 THE SYLLABLE 1.7 VOWEL SOUNDS 1.8 CONSONANTS 1.9 STRESS IN WORDS 1.10 RHYTHM AND INTONATION 1.11 TEACHING PRONUNCIATION

 How

much do you already know? Ready Quiz? Go to the next page.

Linguist Linguistics - Language languages - polyglot Linguistics is often called the science of language. A person whose field is linguistics is called a linguist. A linguist may or may not speak more than one language. He is called a ______ because he possesses certain specialized knowledge about language.

A linguist is a person whose field is ____

A person who speaks several languages is a polyglot. He may or not be a ______. A polyglot is a person who speaks several _____. A person who studies the science of language is called a ___________ A person who speaks several languages is called ____

A __________ may or may not be a polyglot. He studies the science of language, which is called ______.

Check your answers.

Linguist Linguistics Linguist Languages Linguist Polyglot Linguist Linguistics

How did you Do?

1.1 INTRODUCTION

 You

probably want to know what the purpose of this course is, and what you can expect to learn from it.

PURPOSE OF THE COURSE

To

explain how English is pronounced in the accent normally chosen as standard for people learning the English spoken in England.
NOT REALLY..

WHAT?
GENERAL

THEORY ABOUT SPEECH SOUNDS AND HOW THEY ARE USED IN LANGUAGE: PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY

WHY?
IT

IS NECESSARY TO UNDERSTAND THE PRINCIPLES REGULATING THE SOUNDS IN SPOKEN ENGLISH.

Objectives
Learn

the parts of the mouth relevant for speech Transcribe English into IPA Translate IPA into English Use IPA chart to:
Describe and classify consonants Describe and classify vowels

Phonetics
Phonetics

sounds

is the study of speech

Areas of phonetics
Articulatory

phonetics The study of how speech sounds are produced by the brain and mouth. Acoustic phonetics The study of the physics of speech sounds. Auditory phonetics The study of how sounds are perceived by the ear and brain.

THE IPA
THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET

WE

OFTEN USE SPECIAL SYMBOLS TO REPRESENT SPEECH SOUNDS. ENOUGH

Why do we need the IPA?

We

need a system for recording speech sounds accurately. Why not just use English spelling?

English spelling
English

spelling is very inconsistent: VERY CONFUSING. THEREFORE, IT IS IMPORTANT TO LEARN TO THINK OF ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION IN TERMS OF PHONEMES RATHER THAN LETTERS OF THE ALPHABET

English Spelling
Same

sound [i], different letters: see, sea, scene, receive, thief, amoeba, machine

English spelling
A.

Same letters, different sounds: sign [s], pleasure [], resign [z] charter [], character [k] father [a], all [], about [], apple [], any [], age [e]

English spelling
B. One sound, multiple letters: lock [k], that [], book [], boast [o], shop [], apple [p], special []

C. One letter, multiple sounds exit [gz], use [ju]

English spelling
D.

Silent letters

know, doubt, though, island, rhubarb, moose

TERMINOLOGY
LINGUISTICS PHONOLOGY PHONETICS PHONEME SPEECH INTONATION STRESS ACCENT DIALECT MINIMAL PAIRS

HOW MANY SOUNDS ARE THERE IN ENGLISH?

THE

SPELLING SYSTEM OF ENGLISH IS IRREGULAR AND DOESNT REPRESENT SOUNDS IN A COMPLETELY CONSISTENT WAY. CATHY KATHY SHOCK SOCK PUT PUTT

PHONETIC ALPHABET
A

SYSTEM OF WRITING WHICH CAN BE APPLIED TO ANY HUMAN LANGUAGE, EVEN ONE THAT IS COMPLETELY UNKNOWN TO THE INVESTIGATOR

 PHONEMIC

TRANSCRIPTION: Each sound is represent by one symbol and each symbol represents only one sound. There are several systems. We will use the INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET. (1920s Daniel Jones and his colleagues at London University.

The International Phonetic Alphabet

The

International Phonetics Association designed an alphabet in which each letter indicates one unique sound. It is designed to be able to transcribe the speech sounds of any human language.

MODEL PRONUNCIATION
GOAL:

TO DEVELOP THE LEARNERS PRONUNCIATION SUFFICIENTLY TO PERMIT EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION WITH NATIVE SPEAKERS.

 GOOD

SPEECH: A WAY OF SPEAKING WHICH IS CLEARLY INTELLIBLE TO ALL ORDINARY PEOPLE SPEECH: A WAY OF TALKING WHICH IS DIFFICULT FOR MOST PEOPLE TO UNDERSTAND.

BAD

INTERNATIONAL ENGLISH
WHAT

IS USED IN COMMON BY THE MILLIONS OF PEOPLE AROUND THE WORLD WHO USE ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE.

ADVANTAGE OF IPA
IT

IS ACCOMPANIED BY A WELL DEFINED METHOD OF DESCRIBING SOUNDS IN TERMS OF THE WAY IN WHICH THEY ARE PRONOUNCED. UNDERSTANDING THIS IS A PREREQUISITE FOR TRANSCRIBING.

PHONEMES
Though

the phonetic alphabet is universal (we can write down the speech sounds actually uttered in any language), the phonemic alphabet varies from language to language.

PHONEMES
English

has no memorized nasal vowels, but English speakers do make nasalized vowels when vowels and nasal consonants come together in speech. The changes between memory and pronuciation are what we will be discovering in this section of the course

Finding Phonemes
How

do we find out what's in someone's mind? do we figure out how people store the sounds of words in their memories?

How

One trick that we can use is to look for minimal pairs of words. A minimal pair is a pair of words that have different meanings and which differ in only one sound. Since the difference between the two sounds is meaningful, the words must be stored differently in memory. Since the words differ in only one sound, this difference must be stored in memory. Thus the difference in sounds is significant, and so the two sounds must both be phonemes.

Here is an example from English: [sp] and [zp] These two words are different words of English. But they differ only in their initial sound. Therefore, the [s]/[z] difference is significant for English speakers. Therefore both [s] and [z] are stored in the memory. Thus, [s] and [z] are part of the English mental alphabet. We notate elements in the memory by putting them in-between slashes / /. In this case /s/ and /z/ are part of an English speaker's alphabet for memorizing words

 Another

example from English: [rm] and [rn] and [r] These three words are all distinct words of English. Therefore, the speech sounds (in the mouth) [m], [n] and [] are all significant to the mind. And therefore, English includes the phonemes /m/, /n/ and //.

 Sometimes

it isn't possible to find minimal pairs for all words. But speakers can also tell when a contrast would yield a distinct possible word, even if this is not an actual word.

 The

phonetic context (or frame) [b_t] can be used to find minimal pairs for many English vowels:
[bit] ("beat") /i/ [bt] ("bit") // [bet] ("bait") /e/ [bt] ("bet") // [bt] ("bat") // [but] ("boot") /u/ [bot] ("boat") /o/ [bt] ("bought") // (You may have [] here.) [bt] ("but") //

THE PRODUCTION OF VOCAL SOUNDS

The

production of speech sounds depends upon three factors: A source or energy A vibrating body A resonator

 Vocal

sound has much in common with musical sound. Both depend upon a source or energy, a vibrating body, and a resonator for their production

SOUND

A SERIES OF VIBRATIONS MOVING THROUGH AIR, WATER OR SOME OTHER MATERIAL TO CREATE VIBRATION A SOUND SOURCE IS NEEDED. TYPES:

A GUITAR SOUND SOURCE STRINGS WOODEN BOX - AMPLIFIES THE SOUNDS BY PICKING UP THE VIBRATIONS AND RESONATING .

SPEECH SOUNDS
VOCAL

CORDS (STRINGS)

SITUATED IN THE LARYNX (VOICE BOX) WHEN AIR IS FORCED OUT OF THE LUNGS, IT CAUSES THE VOCAL CORDS TO VIBRATE. THE MOUTH IS THE REASONING CHAMBER (BODY OF GUITAR) MOUTH AND NOSE CAVITY ABOVE LARYINX

VOCAL TRACT
DIFFERENCE

BETWEEN GUITAR AND VOCAL TRACT: WE CAN MAKE DIFFERENT SOUND BY CHANGING THE SHAPE OF THE VOCAL TRACT, BY MOVING THE TONGUE, LIPS, AND EVEN THE LARYNX

 When

a violin is played, a bow is moved across the strings and causes them to vibrate. The vibration of strings causes disturbances in the air which are modified, or resonated, within the body of the violin.

Match:
1.

2. 3.

Source or energy Vibrating body resonator

a.The (moving) bow b.Violin body c.Violin string

resonator, vibrations, energy

To

produce sound, ____________ must be applied to a body which can vibrate. These vibrations are modified by a _____. The modified ____________ are then transmited via a MEDIUM (such as air), in the form of SOUND WAVES, the ear.

THE VOCAL TRACT

The

interaction of these three factors (a source or energy, a vibrating body, and a resonator) generates SOUND WAVES, which are transmitted through a medium (SUCH AS AIR) to the ear of the receiver. Speech sounds are produced in the human vocal tract.