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For higher zones strong column and weak beam are better. Beam damage will cause localized effect whereas the column damages it leads to entire structural damage.
Column Failure
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Design Phenomenon
Stiff masonry walls are avoided and bare frames are considered in design calculations.
Steel
sections will be raised as vertical reinforcement and hollow blocks as partitions hence the inverted pendulum effect is not captured
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Beams are the horizontal members in a structure. It has two types of failure. flexural failure Shear Failure
Column as a structural member: Columns, the vertical members in RC buildings, contain two types of steel reinforcements.
Long straight bars placed vertically along the length to sustain axial force and transverse ties placed horizontally at regular intervals along its full length. Columns can sustain two types of Damage axial-flexural Failure shear failure.
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It holds a masonry building as a Single unit by tying all the walls together.
There are four types of bands in a typical Masonry building, namely 1. gable band -employed in pitched or sloped roofs. 2.roof band, not required R.C or reinforced brick roofs , but used in pitched or sloped roof. 3.lintel band -since it ties the walls together and also breaks the monotonous continuity of wall. 4.plinth band- Used in uneven settlement of foundation in soil .
It will be better to use RC bands
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Shear Wall
vertical plate-like RC walls called Shear Walls. Their thickness varies from 150mm to 400mm.
Shear walls are like vertically-oriented wide beams that carry earthquake loads downwards to the foundation.
It provide around the elevator core or stair well is known as shear core.
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Edges of shear walls experience high compressive and tensile stresses due to overturning effect. To ensure that shear walls behave in a ductile way, concrete in the wall end regions must be reinforced in a special manner to sustain these load reversals without loosing strength
End regions of a wall with increased confinement are called boundary elements which have high bending strength.
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Shorter columns suffered more damage as compared to taller column. Because of same cross-section move horizontally the short column is stiffer,it attracts larger earthquake force and X-shaped cracks. Stiffness of a column means resistance to deformation
Design Phenomenon:
this effect must be addressed in structural design the reinforcement must extend beyond the short column into the columns vertically above. the width has to be increased in stone or brick masonry. more strength is not expected when both materials are same. have to take care on these unavoidable joints. During earthquake the upper bars and lower bars act in a different direction causing elongation or damage of joint.
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Design Strategy
In
design practice large column size, having large closed loops are placed inside.
The
anchoring of the bars at the ends and Micro concreting in the congested junction.
Hidden Beams
They are concealed beams having their depth equal to that of the slab
The load carrying capacity increase to 135% with an economical increase of just 0.4 0.5%.
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As moment increases, the linear stress distribution form persists The extreme fiber stress reaches the yield stress value. Further increase in the bending moment cannot produce any increased fiber-stress and Finally fibers reach the yield stress the section will yield and the complete yielding is termed as plastic hinge.
The section now carries the maximum bending moment without strain hardening taking place.
The beam will behave as if it is hinged at the plastic section and a condition of collapse has been reached.
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The lateral thrust will be more in domes and shells. We will be having a thin walled cylindrical tube of diameter about 10 to 15 cm and steel rods Then stressing will be done as per design and then the micro concrete is injected in pressure into the tube.
In large multistoried buildings provide as Bearing, Bracing, Friction pendulum and Dampers instead of beams, columns, and other structural elements to take Vibration produced by lateral force.
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Rubber Bearings
Rubber bearing are made from layers of rubber, a thick steel plate between the thin steel plates . Placed between the bottom of a building and its foundation. The bearings to be strong for vertical load Weaker for horizontal loads, so that they can move sideways due to lateral thrust.
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Viscous Dampers
Friction Dampers
It is shock absorbers. Containing closed cylinder with viscous fluid and a piston. As the piston move in and out of the cylinder oil is forced in and out causing friction cause building sway. The damper is usually installed as part of a building's bracing system.
They are designed to have moving parts which slide over each other. The damper is made up from a set of steel plates. At forces,the plates can slide creating friction causing energy dissipation. The plates are specially treated to increase the friction between them.
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Cross Bracings
It
Friction Pendulum:
In
large multistory buildings, we can always expect some appreciable movement in it base due to the vibration
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to resist completely we can allow the structure to deform at its foundation level by provision of friction pendulum
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Constraint is that, human has to satisfy his unlimited wants through limited resources.
As a part of the civil engineering world, we all have a role to play in developing newer and more effective techniques to increase the seismic resistance of buildings to make them invulnerable to an appreciable intensity of earthquakes
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Reference
MCEER Information Service
IS 1893 2002 CRITERIA FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE DEGIN OF STRUCTURES
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