SOLID MECHANICS II

BMCS 3333
Nadlene Razali
Room: PPS Building L1/21
Ext: 06-3316788

Summary of the Subject
What you will learn :
Stress and strain transformation
Yield criteria
Pressure vessels: thin, thick and compound cylinder
Strain energy: concept, Castiglianos theorem, beam
deflection and statically indeterminate beams
Column: stability and Euler Buckling
Plastic deformation

Course Evaluation
CRITERIA
PERCENTAGE
(%)
COURSE WORK
Test
1 Test
(1.5 - 2) hours
20
Assignments
5 Assignments (3% /
assignment )
15
3 Quizzes ( 5% / Quiz ) 15
FINAL EXAM
Final Exam
1 Final Exam
2.5 hours
50
TOTAL 100
References
1. Beer, F. P., 2004, Mechanics of Materials, 4th edition. in SI
Units, McGraw-Hill.
2. Benham, P. P., Crawford, R. J., and Armstrong, C. G., 1996,
Mechanics of Engineering Materials, Longman Group, Ltd.,
UK.
3. Hibbeler, R. C., 2004, Mechanics of Materials, SI Ed., Prentice
Hall.
4. Vable, M., 2004, Mechanics of Materials, Oxford University
Press.

Chapter 1 Stress Transformation
Good luck !
Review Stress
Defined as the average amount of
force exerted per unit area
A
P
= o

Compressive stress, the stress applied
to materials resulting in their
compaction. It is the ability of a
material to resist being crushed.
Tensile stress (also referred to as
tension) is the stress state leading to
expansion

Positive sign = tensile stress
Negative sign = compressive stress
NORMAL STRESS: INTENSITY OF FORCE, OR FORCE PER UNIT AREA
ACTING NORMAL TO AA, SYMBOLIZED BY o (sigma)
ILLUSTRATION:
AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS IN AN AXIALLY LOADED BAR
P
P
P
P
internal force
P
o=P/A
A
o
An element in
member
Review Stress
Review Stress
Shear Stress
Defined as a stress which is applied parallel or tangential to a face
of the material ( perpendicular to a normal stress )
ILLUSTRATION:
AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS
F
F
V
t
ave
=V/A
A
Transformation of Plane Stress
The most general state of stress at a point may
be represented by 6 components,
) , , : (Note
stresses shearing , ,
stresses normal , ,
xz zx zy yz yx xy
zx yz xy
z y x
t t t t t t
t t t
o o o
= = =
Transformation of Plane Stress
In chapter is concerned with how the components of
stress are transformed under a rotation of the
coordinate axes.
x
y
z
o
z
o
x
o
y
t
zy
t
zx
t
xz
t
xy
t
yz
t
yx
General State of Stress
o
x
o
y
t
xy
t
yx
o
x
o
y
t
xy
Plane Stress (2D VIEW)
Plane Stress
Transformation of Plane Stress
Transformation of Plane Stress
o
x
o
y
t
xy
It is uniquely represented by three
components of stresses acting on an element
that has a specific orientation at the point.
Plane stress is defined as a state of stress
in which the normal stress to x-y plane,
and the shear stresses t
xz
,t
yz
and o
z
is
assumed to be zero.
Few examples of stress acting on an element
o
x
o
y
t
xy
Positive (Tension)
Positive (Tension)
Positive
Transformation of Plane Stress
o
x
o
y
t
xy
Positive (Tension)
Negative (Compression)
Positive
Transformation of Plane Stress
Few examples of stress acting on an element
o
x
o
y
t
xy
Positive (Tension)
Positive (Tension)
Negative
o
x
o
y
t
xy
Positive (Tension)
Negative (Compression)
Negative
Few examples of stress acting on an element
o
x
o
y
t
xy
Positive (Tension)
Positive (Tension)
Negative
Transformation of Plane Stress
o
x
o
y
t
xy
Positive (Tension)
Negative (Compression)
Negative
Transformation of Plane Stress
o
x

o
y

u
x
y
What if the orientation of element changes?
How to obtain the components of stress
in different orientation (o
x
,o
y
,t
xy
) so that
they represent the same state of stress
at the point?
Transformation of Plane Stress
General Equation of Plane Stress Transformation
t
xy
o
y
o
x
o
x

o
y

u
x
y
x
u
u t u
o o o o
o
u t u
o o
t
u t u
o o o o
o
2 sin 2 cos
2 2
2 cos 2 sin
2
2 sin 2 cos
2 2
'
' '
'
xy
y x y x
y
xy
y x
y x
xy
y x y x
x

+
=
+

=
+

+
+
=
Transformation of Plane Stress
Example:
Determine the normal and shearing stresses after the
element shown has been rotated 25 degree clock-wise.
Transformation of Plane Stress
Solution:
Principal Stress
In engineering practice, it is often important to determine the orientation of the planes
that causes the normal stress to be a maximum and a minimum and the orientation of
the planes that causes the shear stress to be a maximum.
The orientation u=u
p
of the planes of maximum and minimum normal stress is given by
the below equation,
) (
2
2 tan
y x
xy
p
o o
t
u

=
The two values obtained for u
p
are 90 apart (refer the below figure).
Principal Stresses
Principal Stresses
The corresponding planes are called principal planes.
In this case no shear stress acts on the principal planes.
2
2
2 , 1
2 2
xy
y x y x
t
o o o o
o +
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
By substituting the value of u
p
to the original equation we obtain the principal stresses:
Principal Stresses
Maximum in-Plane Shear Stress
The orientation of an element that is subjected to maximum shear stress on its faces can be
determined by taking the derivative of second equation above,
xy
y x
s
t
o o
u
2
) (
2 tan

=
The two value obtained for u
s
are 90 apart. The plane of maximum shearing stress also at
45 to the principle plane.

2
y x
ave
o o
o
+
=
2
2
max,
2
xy
y x
plane in
t
o o
t +
|
|
.
|

\
|

=

There is also a normal stress on the planes of maximum in-plane shear Stress:
By subtituting u
s
to original equation we can obtain the maximum shear stress:
Principal Stresses
Example:
For the given state of stress, determine:
i) Principle plane
ii) Principle stress
Principal Stresses
Solution:
Principal Stresses
Example:
For the given state of stress, determine:
i) The orientation of in-plane shearing stress
ii) Maximum shearing stress
iii) Corresponding normal stress
Principal Stresses
Solution:
Principal Stresses
Example:
For the state of plane stress shown, determine
(a) the principal planes
(b) the principal stresses
(c) the maximum shearing stress and the
corresponding normal stress.
Principal Stresses
The 300mm x 600mm cantilever beam shown is subjected to the loads
Indicated. Determine the principle stress and the principal angle at point
A, B, C.
Principal Stresses
Example:
Principal Stresses
A single horizontal force P of 600 N magnitude is applied to end D of lever ABD.
Determine (a) the normal and shearing stresses on an element at point H having
sides parallel to the x and y axes, (b) the principal planes and principal stresses at
the point H.
Example: