Acid and base are terms used by chemists to categorize chemicals according to their pH.

An acid is generally considered to be any material that gives up a hydrogen ion in solution, While a base is any material that creates a hydroxide ion in solution. Many of these acids and bases are familiar in everyday life.

General properties
ACIDS Taste sour Turn litmus React with active metals Fe, Zn

React with bases

blue to red

BASES Taste bitter Turn litmus Feel soapy or slippery (react with fats to make soap) React with acids

red to blue

A class of compounds whose water solutions taste sour, turn blue litmus to red, and react with bases to form salts.

Acids produce solutions that:

Taste sour Turn blue litmus paper red

Conduct electricity
react with metals to liberate a hydrogen gas

are corrosive (acid rain)

lose the above properties when reacted with a base.

Examples of acids: Vinegar

Lemon Juice
Soft Drink Battery Acid Stomach Acid Apple Juice

Black Tea

 Strong Acids any acid that dissociates completely in aqueous solution.

Weak Acids any acid that dissociates only partially in aqueous solution.

Strong Acids
1. chloric acid, HClO3
2. hydorbromic acid, HBr 3. hydorchloric acid, HCl 4. sulfuric acid, H2SO4

Weak Acids
1. acetic acid, Ch3COOH
2. boric acid, H3BO3 3. hydorfluoric acid, HF 4. phosphoric acid, H3PO4

5. nitric acid, HNO3

5. sufurous acid, H2So3

A class of compounds that taste bitter, feel slippery in water solution, turn red litmus to blue, and react with acids to form salts.

Bases produce solutions that:

taste bitter
turn red litmus blue

conduct electricity
feel slippery

are corrosive (basic solution in glass container)

lose the above properties when reacted with an acid.

Examples of bases: Detergent

Baking Soda
Drain Cleaner Ammonia Soaps (hand, dish) Antacid

 Strong Bases any base that dissociates completely. Weak Bases any base that dissociates only partially in aqueous solution.

Strong Bases
1. barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)2

Weak Bases
1. ammonia, NH3

2. calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2

3. potassium hydroxide, KOH 4. sodium hydroxide, NaOH 5. trisodium phosphate, Na3PO4

2. aniline, C6H5NH2
3. potassium carbonate,K2CO3 4. sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 5. trimethylamine, (CH3)3N

 These are items that are neither acids or bases. Neutral items will turn blue and red litmus paper green. The main example of a neutral item is: Pure Water

 Red litmus paper

Blue litmus paper

pH

Red Cabbage Juice

Robert Boyle discovered litmus paper

certain plant extracts, such as litmus, can be used to distinguish acids from bases.
blue and red litmus paper turn red when dipped in an acid

red and blue litmus paper turn blue when exposed to a base

the negative logarithm of the hydronium ion concentration of an aqueous solution; used to express acidity.

pH is the measure of the acidity or

basicity of a solution.
The pH scale ranges from 1 to 14 1 through 6 being acidic

7 is considered neutral
8 through 14 being basic

 red cabbage can be used as an acid/base

indicator after boiling the red cabbage, pour a small amount of the juice into a small sample of a substance your checking the juice will turn blue if the substance is a base the juice will turn red if the substance is an acid

There are three common acid-base theories:

the Arrhenius theory

the Bronsted-Lowry theory the Lewis theory

 Svante Arrhenius was a Swedish chemist. In 1887, he published a paper concerning acids and bases. He concluded that solutions with acids and bases in them released particles when dissolved. He concluded that acids were substance which separated (ionized) in water solution to produce hydrogen ions (H+, or free protons).

He also believed that bases were substance which ionized to produce hydroxide ions (OH-) in water solution.
HCl NaOH H+ + ClNa+ + OH-

 T. M. Lowry was an English scientist, while J. N. Bronsted was a Danish scientist. In 1923, they independently proposed a new definition of the terms acid and base. They stated that in a chemical reaction, any substance which donates a proton is an acid and any substance which accepts a proton is a base. When hydrogen chloride gas is dissolved in water, ions are formed: HCl + H2O
acid base

H3O+ + Cl-

Lowry

Bronsted

 Gilbert Newton Lewis was and American chemist.

In 1923, proposed an even broader definition of acids and bases.

Lewis focused on electron transfer instead of proton transfer. He defined and acid as an electron-pair acceptor, and a base as an electron-pair donor. This definition applies to solutions and reactions which do not even involve hydrogen or hydrogen ions.

 ACID - A class of compounds whose water solutions taste sour, turn blue litmus to red, and react with bases to form salts. BASE - A class of compounds that taste bitter, feel slippery in water solution, turn red litmus to blue, and react with acids to form salts. NEUTRAL - These are items that are neither acids or bases. There are 4 main ways to determine if a substance is and acid or a base. They are: Red litmus paper, Blue litmus paper, pH, and Red Cabbage Juice.

 There are 3 common acid-base theories: the Arrhenius

theory, the Bronsted-Lowry theory, and the Lewis theory. The body is a sea of acids and bases.

DNA is an acid based on Bronsteds definition of an acid.