Blast Resistant Measures in a Buildings and Design of vulnerable components By UFC-3-340-02 (2008)

By Afzal Waseem (500468008)

Blast Resisting Measures

It is highly uneconomical to use blast resistant materials throughout the building. Therefore there are various methods of Blast proofing a multi-storey building.
Blast resistant window/glass. Blast resistant doors/Crash Gates. Prevention of Progressive collapse. Blast resistant design of vulnerable structural element.

Blast resistant window/glass.

When an air blast pressure fractures window glass, flying and falling glass shards pose a major hazard to anyone in the proximity. The use of blast-resistant glazing in buildings subjected to air blast pressure loading, can greatly reduce the hazard, if not completely minimize it.

Guidance Available for Blast resistant Glazing

Following are the current guidelines available for the blast resistant glazing design`s
ASTM F 1642, Standard Test Method for Glazing and Glazing Systems Subject to Air blast Loadings GSA-TS01-2003, Standard Test Method for Glazing and Window Systems Subject to Dynamic Overpressure Loadings UFC 4-010-01, Minimum Antiterrorism Standards for Buildings ASTM E 1300, Standard Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glass in Buildings ASTM F 2248, Standard Practice for Specifying an Equivalent 3-Second Duration Design Loading for Blast Resistant Glazing Fabricated with Laminated Glass AAMA 510-06, Voluntary Guide Specification for Blast Hazard Mitigation for Fenestration Systems

A software Blast Resistant Glazing Design 2007 is available that uses ASTM E 1300 and ASTM F 2248 standards to size rectangular laminated glass and insulating glass.

Blast resistant doors

The building`s doors, due to their functional requirements are a weak link in blast resistant design. Since doors are likely to be the largest opening into a building they provide the largest potential source of blast wave propagation if the opening fails.

Therefore, doors need to be no weaker than the requirements for the design of other structural components

Types of Doors
Built-up Door Solid Steel Plate Door.

Design details can be found in UFC-3-340-02 (2008)

Progressive collapse
Localized failure of one or two structural elements that lead to a steady progression of load transfer that exceeds the capacity of other surrounding elements, thus initiating the progression that leads to a total or partial collapse of the structure.
Several countries have developed design procedures to prevent progressive collapse so that buildings are able to withstand the accidental removal of a single column. Ronan Point (1968) Explosion on 18th floor Wall panel blown out 22 floors collapse

Significance of Progressive Collapse

The partial collapse of Murrah Fedral building in Oklahoma City by the April 19, 1995 bombing, resulted 168 fatalities in which majority of the death were due to collapse of structure and not due to direct blast effects.

Progressive collapse resistant design Approaches

1) Alternate Path (AP) method, which requires that the structure be capable of bridging over a missing structural element, with the resulting extent of damage being localized. 2) Specific Local Resistance (SLR) method, which requires that the building, or parts of the building, provide sufficient strength to resist a specific load or threat e.g the shear and flexural capacity of the perimeter columns and walls are increased to provide additional protection by reducing the probability and extent of initial damage

a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

Good plan layout Integrated system of ties Changing span directions of floor slabs Load-bearing interior partitions Ductile detailing Additional reinforcement for blast and load reversal, if the designer must consider explosive loads Compartmentalized construction

Analysis of Progressive Collapse

Progressive collapse analysis is done by removal of the following columns in a building.

Flat Slab Design showing the center column completely destroyed by blast

1. 2. 3. 4.

A column located at the corner of the building. An exterior column near the middle of the long side of the building. An exterior column near the middle of the short side of the building. A column interior to the perimeter column lines for facilities that have underground parking.

Design Guidance for Progressive collapse

The most prominent design guidance currently available on this topic is provided by two federal agencies - the General Services Administration (GSA) and the Department of Defense (DoD) UFC 4-023-03.
Not all engineers are familiar with the GSA and the DoD design approaches for the mitigation of progressive collapse.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers USAMRIID Replacement Laboratory

BLAST WAVE
An explosion is the result of rapid release of large amounts of energy within a limited space. The sudden release of energy initiates a pressure wave in the surrounding medium, known as a shock wave. This pressure waves moves with the velocity of sound (22,000 to 28,000 feet per second), the temperature is about 3000o-4000oC and the pressure is nearly 300 kilo bar of the air causing this velocity to increase.

BLAST WAVE
The inner part of the wave starts to move faster and gradually overtakes the leading part of the waves, this abrupt increase in pressure is called the shock front.
t1 Overpressure t2 t3 t4

Pressure

Shock Front
Distance

t5

t6

Distance

This shock front moves away from the source, with a continuous decrease in its magnitude till it start to develop suction pressure.

BLAST-LOADING CATEGORIES
Based on the confinement of the explosive charges
1. a. b. c. UNCONFINED EXPLOSION Free air burst explosion Air burst explosion Surface burst explosion

2. a. b. c.

CONFINED EXPLOSION Fully vented explosion Partially confined explosion Fully confined explosions

Anatomy of Blast
The threat of a conventional bomb is defined by these important elements. 1. Bomb size, or charge weight W 2. Standoff distance (R) between the blast source and the target 3. The geometrical configuration of the structure. 4. The structure orientation with respect to the explosion and the ground surface (above, flush with, or below the ground).

Charge weight W or TNT EQUIVALENCY

TNT Equivalency is the relating of explosive energy of the "effective charge weight" of explosive materials to that of an equivalent weight of TNT. Charge weight of a explosion are measured in term of Equivalent TNT weight.

Charge weight W or TNT EQUIVALENCY

World Trade Center Blast in 1993

The Oklahoma bomb in 1995 has the charge weight of over 5,000 pounds (2,300 kg) of TNT. Charge weight of 816.5 kg TNT

STAND-OFF DISTANCE
Stand-off distance refers to the direct, un-obstructed distance between point of explosion and its target.

The Oklahoma bomb in 1995 has a standoff of 5m

BLAST WAVE SCALING LAWS

Scaling laws like Hopkinson-Cranz or cube-root scaling law are used to predict the properties of blast waves from large explosive devices based on test data with much smaller charges. It states that similar blast waves are produced at identical scaled distances when two explosive charges of similar geometry and of the same explosive, but of different sizes, are detonated in the same atmospheric conditions. It is customary to use as a scaled distance a dimensional parameter, Z, as follows: Z = R/E1/3 or Z = R/W1/3 where R is the distance from the center of the explosive source E is the total explosive energy released by the detonation (represented by the heat of detonation of the explosive, H) W is the total weight of a standard explosive, such as TNT, that can represent the explosive energy.

UFC 3-340-02
Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) system provides planning, design, construction and modernization criteria, and applies to the Military Departments. It is a joint project of 1. 2. 3. U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMAND AIR FORCE CIVIL ENGINEER SUPPORT AGENCY

This UFC 3-340-02 presents methods of design for structures for development, testing, production, storage, maintenance, modification, inspection, demilitarization, and disposal of explosive materials. It establishes design procedures and construction techniques whereby propagation of explosion (from one structure or part of a structure to another) or mass detonation can be prevented and personnel and valuable equipment can be protected.

Determine pressure-time blast loading curves for the front wall, roof, rear half of the side walls and rear wall of the structure shown in Figure for a surface burst of 5,000 lbs at a distance from the front wall of 155 ft. Structure width is 30 ft and the shock front is plane.

Solution: Step 1. Given Data : Charge weight = 5,000 lbs, RG = 155 ft Step 2. Factored Charged Weight W = 1.2 (5,000) = 6,000 lbs is at Point 1 Step 3. Determine free-field blast wave parameters Pso, tA, Lw and to at Points 1 through 3 and For Point 1 : a. ZG = = = 8.53 ft/lb1/3 b. Determine free-field blast wave parameters from Figure 2-7 for ZG = 8.53 ft/lb1/3 Pso = 12.8 psi tA/W1/3 = 3.35 ms/lb1/3 tA = 3.35 (6000)1/3 = 60.9 ms wave length of positive pressure Lw/W1/3 = 2.10 ft/lb1/3 Lw = 2.10 (6000)1/3 = 38.2 ft phase (ft) duration of to/W1/3 = 2.35 ms/lb1/3 positive phase of to = 2.35 (6000)1/3 = 42.7 ms blast pressure c. Determine incident impulse from Figure 2-7 for ZG = 8.53 ft/lb1/3 unit positive = 9.0 psi-ms/lb1/3 incident is = 9.0(6000)1/3 = 163.5 psi-ms impulse d. Repeat Steps 3a and 3b for Points 2 and 3. Results are tabulated below

Point No.

RG (ft)

ZG (ft/lb1/3)

PSO (psi)

tA/W1/3 (ms/lb1/3)

tA (ms)

LW/W1/3 (ft/lb1/3)

LW (ft)

tO/W1/3 (ms/lb1/3)

tO (ms)

iS/W1/3 (psims/lb1/3) 9.00 -

iS (psi-ms)

Step 4.

1 2 3

155.0 170.0 185.0

8.53 9.35 10.18

12.8 10.8 9.0

3.35 3.90 4.60

60.9 70.9 83.6

2.10 2.24 2.35

38.2 40.7 42.7

2.35 2.48 2.62

42.7 45.1 47.6

163.5 -

Determine front wall reflected pressure and impulse. Peak positive Incidence a. Read Cr for Pso = 12.8 psi and = 0 from Figure 2-8 for Point 1. pressure Cr = 2.70 then Pr = Cr x Pso = 2.70 x 12.8 = 34.6 psi peak reflected b. Read ir /W1/3 for Pso = 12.8 psi and = 0 from Figure 2-9 for Point 1. pressure at angle of ir/W1/3 = 17.0 then ir = 17.0 (6,000)1/3 = 308.9 psi-ms incidence a Step 5. Front wall loading, positive phase. a. Calculate sound velocity in reflected overpressure region Cr from Figure 2-10 for Pso = 12.8 psi Cr = 1.325 ft/ms b. Calculate clearing time tc from Equation 2-3: tc = where: S = 12.0 ft < 30/2 G = 30/2 = 15.0 ft > 12.0 ft R = S/G = 12.0/15.0 = 0.80 then: tc = = 20.1 ms c. Calculate tof from Equation 2-6. Use impulse from Step 3c. tof = 25.5 ms

Figure 2-8 Reflected Pressure Coefficient versus Angle of Incidence [UFC-3-340-02 (2008)]

Figure 2-9 Reflected Scaled Impulse versus Angle of Incidence [UFC-3-34002 (2008)]

Figure 2-10 Velocity of Sound in Reflected Overpressure Region versus Peak Incident Overpressure [UFC-3-340-02 (2008)]

d. Determine qo from Figure 2-12 for Pso = 12.8 psi. qo = 3.5 psi peak dynamic e. Calculate Pso + CDqo:
pressure

(Drag Coefficient) CD = 1.0 from Section

2-1.3.2

then, Pso + CDqo = 12.8 + (1.0 x 3.5) = 16.3 psi f. Calculate trf from Equation 2-6 and results of Step 4.

g. Construct the pressure time curve. As shown in Figure 2-11.

Pressure Time Curve for Front Wall

40

Pr = 34.6
30

to + 0.27 trf- = 86.8

Pressure, psi

20

Pso + CDqo = 16.3

10

tc = 20.1
0 -10

trf = 17.9 tof = 25.5

to = 42.7

50

100

150

200

to + trf- = 206.0

250

Pr - = 3.25

-20

Time, msec

Pressure Time Curve for Side Walls

9

to + 0.27 tof- = 97.6

7 5 Pressure, psi 3 1

CEPsof + CDqo = 7.6 to + tof- = 239.5

150 200 250

td = 12.0

-1 0

tof = 44.9

50

to = 45.1

100

300

-3 -5

Pr - = 3.0
Time, msec

Pressure Time Curve for Roof

7 5

to + 0.27 tof- = 100.1

CEPsof + CDqo = 6.24

Pressure, psi

td = 22.7

-1 0 -3

to = 42.7

50

tof = 56.3

100

150

200

250

to + tof- = 255.3

300

Pr -= 3.33
-5
Time, msec

Pressure Time Curve for Rear Wall

9

Pressure, psi

3 1 -1 0 -3 -5

tof = 44.5

td = 9.3

50

100

to + 0.27 tof- = 99.1

CEPsob + CDqo = 6.95

to = 47.6

150

200

to + tof- = 238.4
250

300

Pr - = 2.57
Time, msec

The time variation of the

blast wave at a given distance from the explosion is shown in Figure, to indicate the time duration of the positive phase and also the time at the end of the positive phase.

DYNAMIC STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Structure subjected to blast loading exhibits a higher strength than a similar element subjected to a static loading.
This increase in strength for both the concrete and reinforcement is due to the rapid rates of strain that occur in dynamically loaded members. These increased stresses or dynamic strengths are used to calculate the element's dynamic resistance to the applied blast load.
Both the concrete and reinforcing steel exhibit greater strength under rapid strain rates. The higher the strain rate, the higher the compressive strength of concrete and the higher the yield and ultimate strength of the reinforcement. This phenomenon is accounted for in the design of a blast resistant structure by using dynamic stresses to calculate the dynamic ultimate resistance of the reinforced concrete members.

ALLOWABLE MATERIAL STRENGTHS

Behavior of a structural element subjected to a blast loading depends upon the ultimate strength and ductility of the materials. The required strength of a ductile element is considerably less than that necessary for a brittle element to resist the same applied loading. A ductile element maintains its peak strength through large plastic strains whereas a brittle element fails abruptly with little energy absorbed in the plastic range.

Reinforcement
Reinforcing steel, ASTM A 615 and 706 Grade 60 (Also known as the earth quake grade) is considered to have adequate ductility in sizes up to No. 11 bars. The large No. 14 bars also have the desired ductility. No. 18 bars are not recommended for use in blast resistant structures. For all reinforcement, ductility is reduced at bends, lapped splices, mechanical splices, etc., and location of these anchorages near points of maximum stress is undesirable and should be avoided. It is recommended that for these high strength bars only straight lengths of bars be utilized, splicing of bars be avoided. The recommended design values for ASTM A 615, Grade 60 reinforcement, are: fy = 66,000 psi and fu = 90,000 psi Strategies to Improve Ductility I. Use low flexural reinforcement ratio II. Add compression reinforcement III. Add confining reinforcement

Concrete
The strength of the concrete used in a blast resistant structure may be selected to suit the particular design requirements of the structure. However, under no circumstances should the concrete strength f'c be less than 3,000 psi. It is recommended that 4,000 psi or higher strength concrete be used in all blast resistant structures regardless of the magnitude of the blast load and deflection criteria.

DYNAMIC DESIGN STRESSES FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE

Ductility is a significant parameter influencing the dynamic response and behavior of reinforced concrete members subjected to blast loadings. The importance of ductility increases as the duration of the blast load decreases. Ultimate resistance decreases with increasing ductility of the member. A section can be designed to be very ductile by maintaining an under-reinforced section, adding compression reinforcement, and utilizing lacing bars to prevent buckling of the compression reinforcement.

EXAMPLE: DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONRETE WALL

Required: Design a wall which spans in two directions and is fully restrained at all supports for a given blast load.
Solution: Step 1. Given: a. Pressure-time loading (Figure 3-8). b. Maximum deflection equal to 3 times elastic deflection. c. L = 180 in, H = 144 in and fixed on four sides (Figure 3-8). d. Type I cross section.

Step 2. Select cross section of element and static stress of reinforcement and concrete (Figure 3-9).

f'c = 4,000 psi fy = 66,000 psi Assume Tc = 12 in and concrete cover as shown. Step 3. Determine dynamic stresses. a. Dynamic increase factors - DIF (Table 3-1). Concrete: Bending - 1.19 Diagonal tension - 1.00 Reinforcement: Bending - 1.17 Diagonal tension - 1.00 Direct shear - 1.10

b.

Dynamic strength of materials Concrete (f'dc): Bending Diagonal tension Reinforcement (fdy): Bending Diagonal tension Direct shear

- 1.19 (4,000) = 4,760 psi - 1.00 (4,000) = 4,000 psi

- 1.17 (66,000) = 77,200 psi - 1.00 (66,000) = 66,000 psi - 1.10 (66,000) = 72,600 psi

Step 4. Dynamic design stresses from Table 3-2. Concrete (fdc = f'dc): Bending - 4,760 psi Diagonal tension - 4,000 psi Reinforcement (fds = fdy): Bending - 77,200 psi Diagonal tension - 66,000 psi Direct shear - 72,600 psi

Further Steps
Step 5. Step 6. Step 7. Step 8. Step 9. Step 10. Step 11. Step 12. Step 13. Step 14. Step 15. Step 16. Step 17. Step 18. Step 19. Step 20. Step 21. Step 22. Step 23. Assumption on Horizontal and Vertical Steel Calculate dc and steel ratios for each direction Calculate moment capacity of both positive and negative reinforcement Determine ultimate resistance of the element Determine modulus of elasticity and modular ratio Determine average moment of inertia for an inch strip Calculate unit flexural rigidity For points of interest Properties at first yield Properties at second yield Properties at final yield (ultimate unit resistance). Resistance deflection curve Equivalent elastic deflection Calculate equivalent elastic stiffness Calculate effective mass of element Calculate natural period of vibration. Determine response chart parameters Check diagonal tension Determine minimum area of the diagonal bars

After 24 Steps - Wall Section

Reinforcement Detail:
No. 4 bars at 10 in c/c in vertical direction No. 4 bars at 12 in c/c in horizontal direction. No.5 diagonal bars @ 12"

 Further the step by step (24 Steps) detailed design of a Blast resistant Beam and Column elements using UFC-3-340-02 (2008) are included in the complete design report.

RECOMMENDATIONS
1. A structure cannot be made fully blast proof however its performance under blast loads can be improved. 2. Heavier the structure more is its resistance against blast loads. 3. Blast resistant structure should be design to have some degree of inelastic response in order to achieve economy. 4. Progressive collapse analysis of the building should be done to understand the behavior of the building in collapse stage. 5. Shear wall structure should be preferred on rigid frame structure due to their inherent capability of resisting large blast loads.

REFERENCES
1. UFC 3-340-02 - Structures to Resist the Effects of Accidental Explosions - USA 2008 2. TM 5-1300 - Structures to Resist the Effects of Accidental Explosions - USA 1990 3. Thesis Prediction of Blast Loading and its impact on Buildings by Nitesh N. Moon- 2009 4. Paper Blast Loading and Blast Effects on Structures An Overview by T. Ngo, P. Mendis, A. Gupta & J. Ramsay -2007 5. Paper Effects of Plastic Hinge Properties in Non-Linear Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Buildings by Mehmet Inel & Hayri Baytan Ozmen-2006 6. Book Blast Effects on Buildings First Edition by G.C. Mays and P.D. Smith 7. Paper Blast Resistant Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures. by Dennis M. McCann, Ph.D., P.E and Steven J. Smith, Ph.D., P.E. -2007 8. Design of Blast Resistant Buildings in Petrochemical Facilities by American Society of Civil Engineers (1997), Reston, VA. 9. Book Structural Dynamic- Theory and Computation. Second Edition by Mario Paz 10. Book Handbook for Blast Resistant Design of Buildings. First Edition by Donald O. Dusenberry 11. Book Explosion Resistant Buildings. First Edition by M.Y.H. Bangash and T. Bangash