Report in Biology

by Rey Aldrien G. dela Cruz

Every living system needs FUEL for survival.

Plants
Light + Nutrients from Soil + H2O + CO2

Fuel
Absorption

Digestive System Respiratory System Circulatory System

Distribution
Body Processes

Animals
Food + H2O + O2

Foods
Example:

Absorbable Nutrients

Digestive Enzymes

Carbohydrates

Simple carbohydrate (monosaccharide) units e.g. glucose

Foods
Example:

Absorbable Nutrients

Digestive Enzymes

Fats, Proteins

Fatty acid and Amino acid units

Long, coiled, muscular tube Starts at the mouth, ends at thee anus

Processes in the digestive tract

Processes in the digestive tract -to take into the body by the mouth for digestion or absorption -breakdown of ingested food into easily absorbable substances by enzyme action

Processes in the digestive tract

-process where the body takes in the digested food to support metabolism and body processes
-discharging waste materials

1. Incomplete Digestive System

Lower form of animals (some invertebrates e.g. planarians, cnidarians)

2. Complete Digestive System

Vertebrates and some invertebrates (e.g. annelids, mollusks, echinoderms)

planarians

cnidarians

Single opening for the ingestion of food and elimination of undigested materials mouth and anus (dual function) in one structure

separate anatomical structure for ingestion (called mouth) and egestion (called anus) food is broken using enzymes

Two Phases of Human Digestion

-physical breakdown of food by tearing, grinding and chewing

-breakdown into simpler molecules in the presence of enzymes

mouth

MOUTH
beginning of digestive tract and the first step in

mechanical digestion what happens here?

Chewing breaks food into pieces easily digestible Saliva contains enzyme called amylase which helps break down starch, especially in infants

esophagus

ESOPHAGUS
a muscular tube that helps move the food along

to the stomach what happens here?

passage way of food from the mouth to the stomach has mucus, a substance that is thick and slippery which helps in ingestion of food and also serves as protective medium

stomach

STOMACH
an elastic bean-like structure which

contains the ingested food for further mechanical and chemical action what happens here?

CHYME

Partially digested food passed through the stomach food we eat is mechanically mixed by Had experienced involuntary muscular contraction/ vomitting? Chyme is motility called peristalsis movement actually the substance in the stomach are digestive substances that you vomits. mainly pepsin (an enzyme that breaks down proteins) and gastric acid or hydrochloric acid

Liver and pancreas

PANCREAS
an elongated yellow organ

which secretes enzymes that primarily acts on carbohydrates, proteins and fats what happens here?
secretes the enzyme pancreatic amylase that primarily digest foods in adults secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon which are the chief hormones for metabolizing sugar

INSULIN
tells our body: Tama na! Busog ka na! (after a meal) effect: lowers glucose level

GLUCAGON
tells our body: Kain na! Gutom ka na! (during fasting) effect: increases glucose level

LIVER
largest organ of the body which

helps in the process and absorption of nutrients what happens here?

EMULSIFICATION

cant mix oil and water right? we can actually mix secretes bile stored in the gallbladder them by adding which is a bitter substance that digests fats and acts as emulsifier of fatty acid detergent! for transport this process is called takes the raw materials absorbed by the emulsification intestine and makes ALL the various chemicals the body needs that is why it is this is how the bile acts on fats called the CHEMIST of the body Detoxifies potentially harmful chemicals

small intestine

SMALL INTESTINE
A 22-ft long muscular

Segments of small intestine: DUODENUM -first part of the small intestine -shortest part among the three JEJUNUM -also called the mid-intestine or the mid-gut ILEUM -finals section of small intestine

tube; site of absorption of nutrients what happens here?

Has the finger-like structures called villi on the lining of small intestines that helps absorb nutrents Vitamins and minerals pair up with carbohydrates, fats and proteins to be absorbed

Large intestine

anus and rectum

LARGE INTESTINE
1.5 meter long tube that is the site where undigested

foods are fermented by the action of gut bacteria and excrete as feces or stool connected to the small intestine by the 6-inch long tube called colon

RECTUM
Connects colon to the anus

ANUS
muscle that excretes feces