BY BRONSON.

SABU ROLL :11

Prejudice

Discrimination

Stereotyping

Look very carefully at this picture. What can we say about prejudice?

A negative prejudgment of a group and its individual members An Attitude is a distinct combination of feelings, inclinations to act, and beliefs

A Affect (feelings) B
Behavior tendencies (inclinations to act)

C Cognition (beliefs)

All prejudice and discrimination goes against the first two Articles of the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights:
Article 1. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Article 2. Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.

Negative evaluations that mark prejudice can stem from emotional associations, from the need to justify behavior, or from negative beliefs called stereotypes

To stereotype is to generalize
To stereotype is to categorize They reflect ideas that groups of people hold about others who are different from them.

most stereotypes tend to make us feel superior in some way to the person or group being stereotyped A problem with stereotypes arises when they are over generalized or just plain wrong.
A stereotype can be embedded in single word or phrase (such as, "jock" or "nerd") Stereotypes can be either positive ("black men are good at basketball") or negative ("women are bad drivers").

Unequal Status

Social Identity

Masters view slaves as lazy, irresponsible, lacking ambitionas having those traits that justify slavery Once these inequalities exist, prejudice helps justify the economic and social superiority of those who have wealth and power People view enemies as subhuman and depersonalize them with labels

negative beliefs predict negative behavior (or problems in life) If a person thinks we are clever or stupid or whatever, they will treat us that way. If we are treated as if we are clever, stupid or whatever, we will act, and even become, this way. The person has thus had their prophecy about us fulfilled! This is also known as the Pygmalion Effect.

a self-conforming apprehension that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype Black college freshmen and sophomores performed more poorly on standardized tests than White students when their race was emphasized. When race was not emphasized, however, Black students performed better and equivalently with White students. The results showed that performance in academic contexts can be harmed by the awareness that one's behavior might be viewed through the lens of racial stereotypes.

Self-conceptour sense of who we are contains not just personal identity (our sense of personal attributes and attitudes) but also a social identity

Social Identity Theory (Turner & Tajfel,) We categorize: we find it useful to put people, ourselves into categories (label) We identify: we associate our selves with certain groups (ingroups); gain self-esteem in doing so We compare: we contrast our groups with other groups (outgroups), with a favorable bias toward our own group

The group definition of who you areyour race, religion, gender, academic major implies a definition of who you are . The circle that includes us (the ingroup) excludes them (the outgroup) Thus, a mere experience of being formed into groups may promote ingroup bias. Due to human quest for a positive selfconcept

If prejudice is socially accepted, many people will follow the path of least resistance and conform to fashion They will act not so much out of a need to hate as out of a need to be liked and accepted.

The Contact Hypothesis The contact hypothesis is the idea that merely bringing members of different groups into contact with each other will erode prejudice.

Allport (1954) suggested that six conditions are necessary for intergroup contact to reduce prejudice. 1. Mutual interdependence 2. A common goal 3. Equal status of group members 4. Having informal interpersonal contact 5. Having multiple contacts with several members of the out group 6. When social norms are in place that promote equality

Allport, 1954. Tajfel and Allport. Close the Book on Hate by Barn & Noble. Levin, J. and McDevitt (1993) Prejudice. Wikipedia.

I give you a new commandment, that you love one another. Just as I have loved you, you also should love one another. John 13:34