CHAPTER 5

Click to edit Master subtitle style

6/13/12

Three States of Matter

6/13/12

Pressure

Force exerted per unit area of surface by molecules in motion.

P = Force/unit area

6/13/12

Units for Pressure

1 1 1 1 1

atm = 14.7 psi atm = 760 mmHg atm = 29.92 inHg atm = 101,325 Pa Pa = 1 kg/m.s2
6/13/12

6/13/12

Properties of Gases
Kinetic Molecular Theory
Volume

of particles is negligible are in constant motion

Particles No

inherent attractive or repulsive forces average kinetic energy of a collection of particles is proportional to the temperature
6/13/12

The

Properties of Gases
Compressibility

a gas at a certain volume can be compressed by adding pressure

6/13/12

Properties of Gases

Diffusibility

- gases diffuse very quickly due to large empty spaces among molecules

6/13/12

Properties of Gases
Expansibility

when pressure is released the gas expands T, V - the particles gain more energy, move faster and move away from each other
6/13/12

Properties of Gases
Low

density - gases have large intermolecular spaces, they have very large volumes when compared to their mass = mass volume

density

6/13/12

Properties of Gases
No

definite shape or volume - the forces of attraction between gas molecules is too weak for them to maintain any kind of definitive shape/ volume
6/13/12

THE GAS LAWS

6/13/12

Boyles Law
(Robert Boyle, English chemist)
The

volume of a sample of gas at a given temperature varies inversely with the applied pressure. 1/P (constant moles and T)
6/13/12

Pi Vi = Pf Vf

6/13/12

A Problem to Consider
A

sample of chlorine gas has a volume of 1.8 L at 1.0 atm. If the pressure increases to 4.0 atm (at constant temperature), what would be the new volume? using Pf Vf = Pi Vi

Pi Vi (1.0 atm ) (1.8 L ) Vf = = Pf (4.0 atm )

Vf = 0.45 L
6/13/12

Examples:
Change The

of Pressure in a Syringe

popping of a Balloon

Increase Death

in size of bubbles as they rise to the surface of deep sea creatures due to change in pressure. of ears at high altitude
6/13/12

Popping

Charles Law

(Jacques Alexandre Charles, French physicist) Vf Vi The volume occupied by any Tf Ti sample of gas at constant pressure is directly proportional to its absolute temperature.

Tabs (constant moles 6/13/12 and P)

6/13/12

A Problem to Consider
A

sample of methane gas that has a volume of 3.8 L at 5.0C is heated to 86.0C at constant pressure. Calculate its new volume.
using Vf Vi = Tf Ti

Vf =

Vi Tf Ti

( 3.8 L )( 359 K ) ( 278 K )

Vf 6/13/12.9 L =4

Gay-Lussacs Law
(Joseph Gay-Lussac, French chemist)

The pressure exerted by a gas at constant volume is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. T (constant moles and V)

Pf Tf

Pi Ti
6/13/12

6/13/12

A Problem to Consider
An

aerosol can has a pressure of 1.4 atm at 25C. What pressure would it attain at 1200C, assuming the volume remained constant? Pf Pi using = Tf Ti

Pf =

Pi Tf Ti

(1.4 atm )(1473 K ) ( 298 K )

Pf = 6.9atm
6/13/12

Combined Gas Laws

In the event that all three parameters, P, V, and T, are changing, their combined relationship is defined as follows:

Pi Vi Ti
6/13/12

Pf Vf Tf

A Problem to Consider
A

sample of carbon dioxide occupies 4.5 L at 30C and 650 mm Hg. What volume would it occupy at 800 mm Hg and 200C?

using

Pi Vi Pf Vf = T Ti f

PiViTf (650 mm Hg )(4.5 L )(473 K ) Vf = P T = (800 mm Hg )( 303 K ) f i

Vf = 5.7L 6/13/12

Avogadros Law

Vi = (Amadeo Avogadro, Italian chemist) Vf Equal volumes of ni any two gases at the same nf
temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules. n (constant T and P)
6/13/12

Some Definitions
STP

standard temperature and pressure: 0 C and 1 atm gas volume, Vm volume of 1 mole of gas STP, Vm is 22.4 L

Molar At

6/13/12

6/13/12

6/13/12

Ideal Gas Equation

V1 P

Boyles Law

V Tabs Charles Law V n Avogadros

6/13/12

Ideal Gas Equation

V =" R" (
R

nTabs P

ideal gas constant mol K

6/13/12

- 0.0821 L-atm

The Ideal Gas Law

The numerical value of R can be derived using Avogadros law, which states that one mole of any gas at STP will occupy 22.4 liters.

R=
R=

VP nT (22.4 L)(1.00 atm) (1.00 mol)(273 K) Latm 0.0821 molK 6/13/12

The Ideal Gas Law

Thus,

the ideal gas equation, is usually expressed in the following form:

PV = nRT

P - pressure (atm) V - volume (liters) n - number of atoms (moles) R - universal gas constant (0.0821 L.atm/K.mol) 6/13/12 T - temperature (Kelvin)

A Problem to Consider
An

experiment calls for 3.50 moles of chlorine, Cl2. What volume would this be if the gas volume is measured at 34C and 2.45 atm?

since V =

nRT P

then V =

Latm (3.50 mol)(0.0821 mol K )(307 K) 2.45 atm

then V = 36.0 L
6/13/12

A sample of chlorine gas occupies a volume of 946 mL at a pressure of 726 mmHg. Calculate the pressure of the gas (in mmHg) if the volume is reduced at constant temperature to 154 mL? sample of oxygen gas initially at 0.97 atm is cooled from 21C to -68C at constant volume. 6/13/12 What is its final pressure (in

36.4-L volume of methane gas is heated from 25C to 88C at constant pressure. What is the final volume of the gas? sample of 15.0 moles CH4 occupies a volume of 5.80 L. What is the final volume of the gas if 0.95 mole CH4 was added? Assume that temperature and pressure do not change.
6/13/12

Sulfur

hexafluoride (SF6) is a colorless, odorless, very unreactive gas. Calculate the pressure (in atm) exerted by 1.82 moles of the gas in a steel vessel of volume 5.43 L at 69.5C. small bubble rises from the bottom of a lake, where the temperature and pressure are 8C and 6.4 atm, to the waters surface, where the temperature is 6/13/12 25C and the pressure is 1.0 atm.

1. An inflated helium balloon with a volume of 0.55 L at sea level (1.0 atm) is allowed to rise to a height of 6.5 km, where the pressure is about 0.40 atm. Assuming that the temperature remains constant, what is the final volume of the balloon? 2. Argon is an inert gas used in lightbulbs to retard the vaporization of the tungsten filament. A certain lightbulb containing argon at 1.20 atm and 18C is heated to 85C at 6/13/12

3. Calculate the volume (in liters) occupied by 7.40 g of NH3 at STP. 4. Under constant pressure conditions a sample of hydrogen gas initially at 88C and 9.6 L is cooled until its final volume is 3.4 L. What is its final temperature?

6/13/12

5. A gas-filled balloon having a volume of 2.50 L at 1.2 atm and 25C is allowed to rise to the stratosphere (about 3 km above the surface of the Earth), where the temperature and pressure are -23C and 3.0x10-3 atm, respectively. Calculate the final volume of the balloon.

6/13/12

Dalton Law of Partial Pressures

(John Dalton, English chemist) The sum of all the pressures of all the different gases in a mixture equals the total pressure of the mixture.

Ptot = Pa + Pb + Pc + ....
6/13/12

Pa = Ptot = naRT ntotRT V V Xa = na Pa = ntot Pa = naPtot XaPtot

6/13/12

6/13/12

6/13/12

mixture of gases contains 4.46 moles of Ne, 0.74 mole of Ar and 2.15 moles of Xe. Calculate the partial pressures of the gases if the total pressure is 2.00 atm at a certain temperature. mixture of gases contains 0.31 mol CH4, 0.25 mol C2H6 and 0.29 mol C3H8. The total pressure is 1.50 atm. Calculate the partial pressures of the gases. 6/13/12

6/13/12

Volumes

(Emile Hilaire Amagat, French The physicist)volume of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the volumes of all constituents at the same temperature and pressure as the mixture.

Vtot = Va + Vb + Vc + ....

6/13/12

Molecular Speeds
The

root-mean-square (rms) molecular speed, u, is a type of average molecular speed, equal to the speed of a molecule having the average molecular kinetic energy

3RT u= MM
6/13/12

Diffusion/ Effusion

(Thomas Graham, Scottish physical chemist) the rate of effusion or diffusion is inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular mass

Rate of effusion of gas " A" M m of gas B = Rate of effusion of gas " B" M m of gas A
6/13/12

Diffusion vs. Effusion

Diffusion process by which molecules intermingle as a result of their kinetic energy of random motion
6/13/12

Diffusion vs. Effusion

Effusion

is where a gas escapes through a small hole

6/13/12

6/13/12

6/13/12

A Problem to Consider
How

much faster would H2 gas effuse through an opening than methane, CH4?

Rate of H 2 M m (CH 4 ) = Rate of CH 4 M m (H 2 )

Rate of H 2 16.0 g/mol = = 2 .8 Rate of CH 4 2.0 g/mol
So H2 effuses 2.8 times faster than CH4 6/13/12

flammable gas made up only of carbon and hydrogen is found to effuse through a porous barrier in 1.50 min. Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, it takes an equal volume of bromine vapor 4.73 min to effuse through the same barrier. Calculate the molar mass of the unknown gas.

6/13/12

Real Gases: van der Waals equation

Real The

gases do not follow PV = nRT perfectly. van der Waals equation corrects for the nonideal nature of real gases

(P +

na 2 )( V - nb) V

= nRT

6/13/12 corrects for interaction between

Real Gases: van der Waals equation

V becomes ( V - nb)
where nb represents the volume occupied by n moles of molecules

6/13/12

Real Gases: van der Waals equation

P becomes ( P +

na 2 ) V

where n2a/V2 represents the effect of pressure to intermolecular attractions or repulsions

6/13/12