History of Dentistry Dent 101

Dentistry
An autonomous (independent) branch of biomedical science that is concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases and abnormalities of the teeth, jaws, oral cavity, and adjacent structures.

Dentist

A person who is trained and licensed to practice dentistry. A trained clinician treating human beings who have teeth

A profession that is ignorant of its past experiences has lost a valuable asset because it has missed its best guide to the future.
B.W. Weinberger
Dentistry: An Illustrated History (Mosby, 1995)

Dentistry has a long and fascinating history. From the earliest of times, humans have been annoyed by dental disease.
Many of the remarkable techniques in modern dentistry can be traced to the very earliest of times in every culture.
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prehistoric trips to the dentist: teeth as old as 9,000 years that show clear signs of having undergone drilling during their owners lifetime.

 5000 BCA Sumerian text of this date describes tooth worms as the cause of dental decay

The worm theory lasted for centuries

2750 B.C. Mandible of the Old Kingdom period showing evidence of having had a surgical operation to relieve an alveolar abscess.

 2500 B.C. Egyptian, earliest evidence of simple retentive dental prosthesis as found in Tomb 984 at Gizeh, the linking together of the lower left second and third molar with gold wire woven around the gingival margins of the teeth

2600 BCDeath of Hesy-Re, an Egyptian scribe, often called the first dentist. An inscription on his tomb includes the title the greatest of those who deal with teeth, and of physicians. This is the earliest known reference to a person identified as a dental practitioner.

 1900 B.C Code of Hammurabi established the civil and penal responsibility of the physician, dental penalties as to the extraction of teeth.

Code of Hammurabi
200. If a man knock out the teeth of his equal, his teeth shall be knocked out. [ A tooth for a tooth ]
201. If he knock out the teeth of a freed man, he shall pay one-third of a gold mina.

 Phoenician denture, c 1000-210 BC

700-510 B.C. Etruscan period of dentistry. In what is now middle Italy, some twelve examples of their fixed or removable bridgework have been preserved in various museums.

 500-300 BCHippocrates and Aristotle write about dentistry, including the eruption pattern of teeth, treating decayed teeth and gum disease, extracting teeth with forceps, and using wires to stabilize loose teeth and fractured jaws.

Mayan Dentistry
Dental decoration by filing; Dzibilchaltun, Yucatn, Mexico; Postclassic Period

 Dental decoration by filing and incrustation methods; Ixtonton, Guatemala; Classic Period.

The Chinese
By 2000 B.C. the Chinese were practicing dentistry. Around the 2nd century A.D. the Chinese developed a silver amalgam paste for fillings (more than 1000 years before dentists in the west). Ting and Yu Shu described the entire process of swallowing in the eleventh century.

 480 B.C. Roman period begins. Dentistry was probably practiced before medicine 450 B.C. Roman Laws of the Twelve Tables, containing the earliest record of dentistry in Ancient Rome, and the permission to bury the dead with gold dental work with "which the teeth may be bound together."

 100 BCCelsus, a Roman medical writer, writes extensively in his important compendium of medicine on oral hygiene, stabilization of loose teeth, and treatments for toothache, teething pain, and jaw fractures.

130-201 A.D. Galen, the Prince of Physicians, Was the earliest to mention the nerves of teeth. In removing the carious defect, he recommended the file. Mentioned pulpitis and pericementitis.

Islamic civilization

 Hygienic practices are highly emphasized in Islam, including oral hygiene. Prophet Mohammad (PBU) strongly recommended the use of Miswak At early islamic era simple dental procedures were used

Islamic Jurisprudence granted the wife the right of divorce if the husband has Halitosis

 The destruction of Baghdad library by the Moguls (1258 AD) lead to great loss of medieval books Dental and oral disease descriptions and treatment is evident in many books of Al-Razi died 925, Ibn Cina (Avicenna) died 1037, Ali Bin Abbas Al-Majoosi

Abu al-Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas AlZahrawi (936 - 1013), (Abulcasis)

considered the "father of modern surgery and as Islam's greatest medieval surgeon, whose comprehensive medical texts, shaped European

surgical procedures up until

the Renaissance. His greatest contribution to history is the Al-Tasrif , a thirty-volume collection of medical practice

The Renaissance (end of middle ages)

Leonardo DaVinci (1452-1519 A.D ) studied human anatomy and sketched every part of the human body. He was the first to differentiate between molars and premolars. Pierre Fauchard was the founder of modern dentistry. He developed dentistry as an independent profession from medicine.
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Pierre Fauchard, the Father of Modern Dentistry.

1728 A.D. First edition of Pierre Fauchard (founder of modern dentistry) textbook on "The Surgeon Dentist."

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Inc.

1759 A.D. The designation dentist first began to be used. 1763 A.D John Baker, M.D. Surgeon Dentist. The earliest qualified dentist to practice in Boston and in America.

1769 A.D. Title of Doctor began to be used

1774 A.D. The introduction of porcelain into dentistry by French apothecary Duchatenu. 1778 A.D. Body of General Joseph Warren identified by dental work done in the mouth by Paul Revere. 1801 A.D. First dental book to be published in America by Richard Cortland Skinner.

1819 A.D. Mixing of coin silver fillings and mercury into a silver paste, by Tavenu in France, Bell in England. 1832 A.D. Snell - first dental chair 1839 A.D. First dental periodical, the American Journal of Dental Science.

1840The American Society of Dental Surgeons, the worlds first national dental organization, is founded. (The organization dissolves in 1856.) 1840- The Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, the first school in the world for the training of dentists was founded by Harris and Harden.

1844Horace Wells, a Connecticut dentist, discovers that nitrous oxide can be used as an anesthesia and successfully uses it to conduct several extractions in his private practice. 1859Twenty-six dentists meet in Niagara Falls, New York, and form the American Dental Association.

1872- First foot-engine, invented by Dr.Morrison 1874-The first electric dental engine by Dr. Green 1877- Hydraulic chair invented by Wilkinson. 1890- W.D. Miller describes microorganism of the human mouth.

1891-Extension for prevention and scientific cavity preparation promulgated by G.V. Black
1893-System of dental nomenclature by G.V. Black 1895 A.D Roentgen discovers the xray. G.V. Black develops the balanced amalgam alloys.

Dr. Green Vardiman Black

Known worldwide as G.V. Black, he earned the title of the grand old man of dentistry. He standardized the rules of cavity preparation and fillings. He developed the principle of extension for prevention. He taught in dental schools, became a dean, and wrote more than 500 articles and several books.

G. V. Black, the Grand Old Man of Dentistry (From Kock CRD: History of dental surgery, vol I, Chicago, 1909, National Art Publishing.)

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (1845-1923)

A Bavarian physicist who discovered x-rays in 1895. His discovery revolutionized diagnostic capabilities and forever changed the practice of dentistry.

1896- C. Edward Kells demonstrates use of Roentgen rays in dentistry. 1945- The air abrasive drill by Dr. Black 1954-The water-turbine handpiece by Dr. Nelson. 1957-The air-turbine handpiece by Dr. Borden.

Dentistry today is highly specialized. The eight specialities are: 1. 1901 Orthodontics 2. 1918 Oral Surgery 3. 1918 Periodontics 4. 1918 Prosthodontics 5. 1927 Pedodontics 6. 1937 Public Health 7. 1946 Oral Pathology 8. 1963 Endodontics. 9. 1972 Oral Radiology

Dentistry In Jordan

Faculty of Dentistry Jordan University of Science and Technology

Faculty Highlights
The Faculty of Dentistry was established by a royal decree on the 16th of September 1983 . The first group of students was admitted in the academic year 1984/1985.

The Faculty grants the Bachelor Degrees of Dental Surgery (BDS) after finishing successfully (213) credit hours (5 years of study) divided into 3 academic stages:

1-The first 2 years are mainly of basic science with courses being given in faculty of science 2- The pre-clinical third year prepares the students to the clinical aspects of the curriculum is spent in the training dental laboratories.

3- The courses in the 4th and 5th years are clinical and patient care is given at the teaching clinics of the Dental Teaching Center Irbid and the Dental Teaching Clinics JUSTs campus.