The stuff of life

Living Organisms Are Chemical Factories

All life is based on organic molecules - molecules that are built on a backbone of CARBON. - also contain Hydrogen - and many also have Oxygen - often contain functional groups smaller molecules which are part of a larger molecule and give it unique properties

Biomolecules are Macro(big)molecules

All

biological molecules (biomolecules) are large complex molecules made of chains of smaller molecules 4 Types of biomolecules - Carbohydrates sugars and starches - Lipids fats and oils - Proteins - Nucleic Acids DNA, RNA, ATP, ADP

Biomolecules are Polymers

Polymer (poly = many mer = part) -Large molecules made of smaller molecules called monomers (mono = one mer = part)
Polymer

Each type of biomolecule has its own monomer

Biomolecule Carbohydrate Lipid Protein Nucleic Acid Monomer_________ Monosaccharide Fatty Acid and Glycerol Amino Acid Nucleotide

Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, always in a ratio of 1:2:1. Carbohydrates are the key source of energy used by living things. The building blocks of carbohydrates are sugars, such as glucose and fructose.

Carbohydrates

What do the roots mono-, di-, oligo-, and poly mean? Each of these roots can be added to the word saccharide to describe the type of carbohydrate you have.

Carbohydrates
glucose provides energy for the brain and of energy for muscles and tissues glycogen is stored glucose glucose is immediate energy glycogen is reserve energy

Carbohydrates

all plant food

milk carbohydrates are not equal
simple

carbohydrates complex carbohydrates

Simple Carbohydrates

sugars
single sugars disaccharides 2 monosaccharides
monosaccharides

Simple Carbs

monosaccharides
all

are 6 carbon hexes

6 carbons 12 hydrogens 6 oxygens arrangement differs

accounts for varying sweetness

glucose,

fructose, galactose

Glucose
mild sweet flavor known as blood sugar essential energy source found in every disaccharide and polysaccharide

Fructose
sweetest sugar found in fruits and honey added to soft drinks, cereals, deserts

Galactose
hardly tastes sweet rarely found naturally as a single sugar

Complex Carbohydrates
starches and fibers polysaccharides

chains

of monosaccharides

Complex Carbohydrates

polysaccharides
glycogen

and starch

built entirely of glucose variety of monosaccharides and other carbohydrate derivatives

fiber

Glycogen

limited in meat and not found in plants

not

an important dietary source of carbohydrate

BUT
all

glucose is stored as glycogen long chains allow for hydrolysis and release of energy

Starches
stored in plant cells body hydrolyzes plant starch to glucose

Fiber

structural parts of plants

found

in all plant derived food

bonds of fibers cannot be broken down during the digestive process

minimal

or no energy available

Carbohydrate Digestion

break down into glucose

body

is able to absorb and use

large starch molecules

extensive breakdown
once

disaccharides
broken

monosaccharides
dont

need to be broken down

Carbohydrate Digestion
begins in mouth
chewing

releases saliva enzyme amylase hydrolyzes starch to polysaccharides and maltose

stomach
no

enzymes available to break down starch acid does some breakdown fibers in starch provide feeling of fullness

Fatty Acids or Lipids

2 types saturated and unsaturated
- Whats the difference?

atoms

- saturated fatty acids contain no double bonds between atoms - holds the maximum # of H atoms - unsaturated fatty acids contain double bonds between C atoms

Lipids- Fats and Oilsenergy insulation and more

Fats & Oils (triglycerides)- long term energy storage

Fat has twice the calories of carbohydrates. fat = 9 cal/g sugar= 4 cal/g Lipids have more C H bonds which store energy

Health tip:
Saturated or hydrogenated fats(bad) vs. unsaturated (good)

2-24

Lipids: types and functions

Fats/Oils long term energy storage,

insulation and protection Phospholipids cell membranes Steroids make hormones (chemical messengers) Waxes waterproofing

Fats

Solid at room temperature

Energy storage in animals

contain saturated fatty acids

Stearic acid

Saturated fat and fatty acid

Body Fat stores energy, insulates and protects the organs

Excess energy is converted to fat
Sea mammals rely on fat to keep them warm

Oils

energy storage in plants

contain unsaturated fatty acids

liquid at room temperature

Oleic acid

Unsaturated fat and fatty acid

Double bond causes molecule to bend

Phospholipids Glycerol

only 2 fatty acids (not 3 like fats and oils)

3rd fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate

molecule

SPONCH

 Phospholipid structure

Phosphate molecule forms a hydrophilic (water loving) head Fatty acid molecules make up a hydrophobic tails
Hydrophilic head
CH CH2 O O P O O C CH2 H O O C O
2

+ N(CH3)
3

Choline Phosphate

CH O C
2

Glycerol

Hydrophobic tails

Fatty acids
Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tails

Figure 5.13 (a) Structural formula

(b) Space-filling model

(c) Phospholipid symbol

 Phospholipids create the structure of

cell membranes
2 layers of phospholipids Phosphates face out interact with water Lipid tails make a middle layer that repels water Phospholipids separate the contents of the cell from its surrounding environment

Hydrophilic head WATER

Hydrophobic tail

WATER

Lipids- Cholesterol
connected rings of carbon component of cell membrane adds to the integrity of the membrane used to make steroids

Protein Basics
Made of C,H,O, N

SPONCH Monomers = amino acids - 20 different types of amino acids used to make proteins Proteins are the polymer also called a polypeptide

Meet the monomer Amino acid

3 main parts

- Amino group NH2 - Carboxyl group COOH - R group (side chain) each of the 20 types of amino acids have a unique R group

Proteins form from chains of amino acids

Proteins vary in length can be 1,000s of amino acids long

Protein

Proteins Shape
A proteins shape is determined by the order that

amino acids are joined in The shape of a protein determines its function

Hemoglobin

antibody

enzymes

polymerase

Protein Structure
Level Primary Secondary
Tertiary Quaternary

Description The amino acid sequence Helices and Sheets

Disulfide bridges Multiple polypeptides connect

Protein Structure Primary Structure

Primary structure is the order of the amino acids that

make up a protein. - the interactions of the R groups on each amino acid cause the molecule to bend and fold different arrangements create different shapes - as a result- the order of amino acids determines the shape of the protein - shape determines function - changing a single amino acid can change a proteins shape.

Protein Structure- Secondary Structure

The folding proteins often assume one of two general

shapes pleated sheets or an alpha helix these are the proteins secondary structure. - hydrogen bonds between amino acids stabilize the secondary structure Alpha Helix

Protein Structure Tertiary Structure

The coiled or pleated structures continue to fold until

they form a complex three dimensional structure. - most proteins are completed at this stage and are fully functioning proteins.

Remember: Shape determines function

Protein Shape-Quaternary Structure

Some more complex proteins are assembled from two

or more protein molecules. - Insulin 2 forms 2 proteins or 6 proteins - Hemoglobin 4 proteins

Protein Functions
Proteins are the Worker Molecules of Living Things
Enzymes - proteins that allow chemical reactions to

occur in living things Antibodies proteins that protect the body from infection Structure cytoskeleton, hair, nails, muscles, spider web, silk, feathers ,horns, hooves etc. Hormones chemical messengers Cell membrane proteins can act as channels through the cell membrane - receptor proteins found on membrane transmit signals to the inside of cells Hemoglobin protein found in blood that carries oxygen

What should you know?

Organic molecule Characteristics of carbon Biomolecule Macromolecule 4 types of biomolecules Monomer Monomers of each type of biomolecule Polymer Condensation reaction Hydrolysis

Why are Organic Molecules based on Carbon?

Carbon has unique properties - carbon is abundant theres lots of it - can bond with up to 4 other atoms - can bond readily with itself and other elements - makes chains with different shapes
- shape determines function

- forms bonds with different strengths

Carbon can bond with up to four other atoms

Carbon has 4 valence electrons
Allows it to bond with 4 other atoms

Carbon Bonds Readily with Itself

This allows carbon to be the backbone of large and complex molecules. C C C C C C C C C C C

Carbon bonds readily with other elements - in living things: Sulfur, Phosphorus, Oxygen, Nitrogen, & Hydrogen (SPONCH)

Carbon Bonds to Build a Variety of Shapes

Straight chains

Branched chains

Rings

Carbon Forms Bonds of Different Strengths

Single Bonds Double Bonds

Triple Bonds