Grapher Introduction

Puff!
The magic dragon,

Live by the sea.
5
plotting & model building
Puff! The magic dragon,
Live by the sea.

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xy plotting functions
y=f(x)
abscissa ~ x (independent variable)
ordinate ~ y (dependent variable)
Scale
tick mark
axis label or axial title
data symbol or point marker
Legend ~

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line ~ for theoretical calculation data
data symbol ~ for experimental data
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Requirements of correct plot
P.243-244
Read it NOW!
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Plot, Label & Title commands
x=[0:.1:52];
y=.4*sqrt(1.8*x);
plot(x,y),xlabel('()'),ylabel('()'),...
title('')
grid on, axis([0 52 0 5])

Copy figure
Paste it in the word file
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Plot of complex numbers
plot(y)=plot(real(y),imag(y)) %if y is complex

z=.1+.9i;
n=[0:0.01:10];
plot(z.^n),xlabel('real part'),ylabel('imaginary
part')
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The function plot command fplot
fplot(string,[xmin xmax])
fplot(string,[xmin xmax ymin ymax])

f='cos(tan(x))-tan(sin(x))';
fplot(f,[1 2])

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x=[1:.01:2];
y=cos(tan(x))-tan(sin(x));
plot(x,y)

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Plotting polynomials
x=[-6:0.01:6];
p=[3,2,-100,2,-7,90];
plot(x,polyval(p,x)),xlabel('x'),ylabel('p')
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
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0
1000
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x
p
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Self testing
pp.250-251
Write down the program now!
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Subplot
subplot(m,n,p) %mn p

x=[0:.01:5];
y=exp(-1.2*x).*sin(10*x+5);
subplot(1,2,1)
plot(x,y),xlabel('x1'),ylabel('y1'),axis([0 5 -1 1])
x=[-6:.01:6];
y=abs(x.^3-100);
subplot(1,2,2)
plot(x,y),xlabel('x2'),ylabel('y2'),axis([-6 6 0 350])
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x1
y
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x2
y
2
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overlay plot
P.253
A ~ m*n
plot(A) % n(A)
plot(x,A) % Ax
plot(A,x) % xA(m)
plot(A,B) % BA

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a=[1 2 3;6 5 4;1 5 3]

a =

1 2 3
6 5 4
1 5 3

?plot(a)
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1.5
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3
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6
plot(A) % n(A)
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x =

10 20 30 40

?a

a =

1 2 3
6 5 4
1 5 3
8 8 8

?plot(x,a)
10 15 20 25 30 35 40
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
plot(x,A) % Ax
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x =

10 20 30 40

?a

a =

1 2 3
6 5 4
1 5 3
8 8 8

?plot(a,x)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
plot(A,x) % xA(m)
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a =

1 2 3
6 5 4
1 5 3
8 8 8

?b

b =

1 2 3
2 4 6
3 6 9
4 8 12

?plot(a,b)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
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Data markers and line types
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Data markers and line types
plot(x,y,o)
plot(x,y,x,y,o)

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plot(x,y,o)
plot(x,y,x,y,o)
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plot(x,y, *,x,y,:)
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Labeling curves and data
x=[0:.01:2];
y=sinh(x);
z=tanh(x);
plot(x,y,x,z,'--'),xlabel('x'), ...
ylabel('Hyperbolic Sine and Tangent'), ...
legend('sinh(x)','tanh(x)')
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x
H
y
p
e
r
b
o
l
i
c

S
i
n
e

a
n
d

T
a
n
g
e
n
t
sinh(x)
tanh(x)
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Legend
plot

(grid line)legend

axes(legend(string1,string2)) %

refresh %
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x=[0:.01:1];
y=tan(x);
z=sec(x);
plot(x,y,x,z),xlabel('x'), ...
ylabel('Tangent and Secant'),gtext('tan(x)'), ...
text(.3,1.2,'sec(x)')
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x
T
a
n
g
e
n
t

a
n
d

S
e
c
a
n
t
tan(x)
sec(x)
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x=[-30:.01:30]; %x=tan(x)
y=tan(x);
z=6*x;

plot(x,y,x,z),xlabel('x'), ...
ylabel('6x=tan(x) '),
axis([-5 5 -100 100])
[x,y]=ginput(5)
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Graphical solution of equations

Example 5.2-1 load line analysis of a circuit
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30
15
30
1
) 2 ( 0
) 1 ( ) 1 ( * 16 . 0 current load
30 load
15 y powersuppl
2
1
1
2
1
1
2 1 1 1
12 . 0
1
1
1
2
+ = + =
=
=
=
=
v
R
v
v
R
i
v R i v
e i
R
V v
v
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0
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1
v
2
(Volts)
i
1
(
A
m
p
e
r
e
)
load line
current
v_2=[0:.01:20];
i_11=.16*(exp(.12*v_2)-1);
i_12=-1/30*v_2+.5;
plot(v_2,i_11,v_2,i_12), grid,xlabel('v_2(Volts)'),...
ylabel('i_1(Ampere)'),axis([0 20 0 1]),...
gtext('load line'),gtext('current')
30
15
30
1
) 2 ( 0
) 1 ( ) 1 ( * 16 . 0 current load
30 load
15 y powersuppl
2
1
1
2
1
1
2 1 1 1
12 . 0
1
1
1
2
+ = + =
=
=
=
=
v
R
v
v
R
i
v R i v
e i
R
V v
v
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The answer:
i1=0.25 Ampere,
v2=7.5V

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axis([7 8 .2 .3])% room-in view

7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 8
0.2
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v
2
(Volts)
i
1
(
A
m
p
e
r
e
)
load line
current
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The hold command
2 plot commands
p.258-259
x=[-1:.01:1];
y1=3+exp(-x).*sin(6*x);
y2=4+exp(-x).*cos(6*x);
plot((.1+.9i).^[0:.01:10]),hold,plot(y1,y2),...
gtext('y2 VS y1'),gtext('Imag(z) VS Real(z)')

gtextplot,
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-1
0
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6
7
y2 VS y1
Imag(z) VS Real(z)
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Annotating plots
Using TEX
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Note for improving plots
p.262-263
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Special plot types
Logarithmic plots
Frequency response plots and filter circuits
Controlling tick-mark spacing and labels
Stem, stairs, and bar plots
Separate Y axes
Polar plots
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2 2 2
2 2 2
1 . 0 ) 1 (
02 . 0 ) 01 . 0 1 ( 100
x x
x x
y
+
+
=
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Logarithmic plots
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 . 0 ) 1 (
02 . 0 ) 01 . 0 1 ( 100
x x
x x
y
+
+
=
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Note for using logarithmic scale
P.264

loglog(x,y)
semilogx(x,y)
semilogy(x,y)
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1
1
v.s. / plot . . .
) sin( sin
+
=
=
+ = =
RCs A
A
A A f r f
t A v t A v
i
o
i o
o o i i
e
| e e
RC=0.1;
s=[1:100]*i;
M=abs(1./(RC*s+1));
loglog(imag(s),M),grid,xlabel('frequency(rad/sec)'),...
ylabel('output/input'),...
title('lowpass RC circuit frequency response(RC=0.1sec)')
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10
0
10
1
10
2
10
-1
10
0
frequency(rad/sec)
o
u
t
p
u
t
/
i
n
p
u
t
lowpass RC circuit frequency response(RC=0.1sec)
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Controlling tick-mark spacing and
labels
help set
help axes

set(gca,'XTick',[xmin:dx:xmax],'YTick',[ymin:
dy:ymax])

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x
y
x=[0:.01:2];
y=.25*x.^2;
plot(x,y),set(gca,'XTick',[0:.2:2],'YTick',[0:.1:1]),...
xlabel('x'),ylabel('y')
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x=[1:6];
y=[13,5,7,14,10,12];
plot(x,y,'o',x,y),...
set(gca,'XTicklabel',['11'; '22'; '33'; '44'; '55'; '66']),...
set(gca,'XTick',[1:6]),axis([1 6 0 15]),xlabel('
'),...

ylabel('1997qwyteuwdrjhewfhwekjhfwje2343543
5')
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11 22 33 44 55 66
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q
w
y
t
e
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r
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e
w
f
h
w
e
k
j
h
f
w
j
e
2
3
4
3
5
4
3
5
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Stem, stairs, and bar plots
stem(x,y)
stairs(x,y)
bar(x,y)
See also table 5.3-1
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Separate Y axes
plotyy(x1,y1,x2,y2) %Y
y1 v.s. x1; y2 v.s. x2
plotyy(x1,y1,x2,y2,type1,type2)
plotyy(x1,y1,x2,y2,plot,stem)%
y1 v.s. x1 plot
y2 v.s. x2 stem

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1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
0
10
20
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
0
10
20
x=[1:6];
y1=2*x;
y2=3*x;
plotyy(x,y1,x,y2,'plot','stem')
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Polar plot
orbit eccentricity = 0.5
1
2
3
4
30
210
60
240
90
270
120
300
150
330
180 0
theta=[0:pi/90:2*pi];
r=2./(1-0.5*cos(theta));
polar(theta,r),title('orbit eccentricity = 0.5')
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Self test p.271

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The plot editor

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5.5 Function discovery
1. Linear function
2. Power function
3. Exponential function

Experimental data
mx mx
m
b be x y
bx x y
b mx x y
) 10 ( or , ) (
) (
) (
=
=
+ =
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Step of function discovery
P.277
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Applications

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deflection=[0,.09,.18,.28,.37,.46,.55,.65,.74];
force=[0:100:800];
%plot with linear scale
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(force,deflection,'o'),...
xlabel('force(lb)'),ylabel('deflection(in)'),...
axis([0 800 0 .8])
%curve fitting with a line
p=polyfit(force,deflection,1);
k=1/p(1)
%plot the fitted line
f=[0:2:800];
x=f/k;
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(f,x,force,deflection,'o'),...
xlabel('force(lb)'),ylabel('deflection(in)'),...
axis([0 800 0 .8])
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0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
0
0.2
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0.6
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force(lb)
d
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
(
i
n
)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
force(lb)
d
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
(
i
n
)
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Live by the sea.
Heat transfer
predict when will T(F) achieve 120F?
t(sec) T(F)
0 145
620 130
2266 103
3482 90
120 t=?
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model
Linear model: T-68=mt+b
Exponential model: T-68=b(10)
mt
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%input data
time=[0,620,2266,3482];
temp=[145,130,103,90];
%substract room temp.
temp=temp-68;
% use linear scale
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(time,temp,time,temp,'o'),...
xlabel('Time(sec)'),ylabel('temperature(F)')
%use exponential plot
subplot(2,2,2)
semilogy(time,temp,time,temp,'o'),...
xlabel('Time(sec)'),ylabel('temperature(F)')
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%use linear fitting
p=polyfit(time,log10(temp),1);
m=p(1)
b=10^p(2)
%calculate the time needed to 120F
t_120=(log10(120-68)-log10(b))/m
%estimation
t=[0:10:4000];
T=68+b*10.^(m*t);
subplot(2,2,3)
semilogy(t,T-68,time,temp,'o',t_120,120-68,'+'),...
xlabel('time(sec)'),ylabel('temp(F)')
%plot fitted line
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(t,T,time,temp+68,'o',t_120,120,'+'),...
xlabel('time(sec)'),ylabel('temp(F)')
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0 1000 2000 3000 4000
20
40
60
80
Time(sec)
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
(
F
)
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
10
1
10
2
Time(sec)
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
(
F
)
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
10
1
10
2
time(sec)
t
e
m
p
(
F
)
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
80
100
120
140
160
time(sec)
t
e
m
p
(
F
)
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Live by the sea.
Interpolation and extrapolation
Are the interpolation or extrapolation correct?
Are they still in the feasible region of the
model?
e.g. elastic ring, the linear elasticity is
applicable in the regions of small deformation,
not for large deformation.
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Hydraulic engineering
Fluid mechanics
Fluid engineering.

volume V
pressure p
rate flow
=
=
=
=
=
f
V r f
p c f
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V()
t(sec)
15

6

12

7

9

8

6

9

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% problem description
cups=[6,9,12,15];
meas_times=[9,8,7,6];
meas_flow=1./meas_times;
%line fitting
p=polyfit(log10(cups),log10(meas_flow),1);
coeffs=[p(1),10^p(2)];
m=coeffs(1)
b=coeffs(2)
%log-log plot as well as linear plot
x=[6:.01:40];
y=b*x.^m;
subplot(2,1,1)
loglog(x,y,cups,meas_flow,'o'),grid,...
xlabel('V(cups)'),ylabel('1 cup full time(sec)'),...
axis([5 15 .1 .3])
% plot and predict 36 cups
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(x,1./y,cups,meas_times,'o'),grid,...
axis([5 36 0 10])
%calculate V=36 cups' fill time (sec)
V=36
f_36=b*V^m
Live by the sea.
10
1
10
-1
V(cups)
1

c
u
p

f
u
l
l

t
i
m
e
(
s
e
c
)
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
0
2
4
6
8
10
4.2sec
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Live by the sea.
5.6 Regression
Correlation analysis
Regression

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The least squares method
Find a line (y=mx+b), such that, the sum of the
square errors between the point and line is min.
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Live by the sea.

= = = = =
=
+ + + =
+ =
n
i
i
n
i
i i
n
i
i
n
i
i
n
i
i
n
i
i i
y b y x a x ab y nb x a
y b ax J
1 1 1 1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2 2 2
) (
0 , 0 =
c
c
=
c
c
b
J
a
J
= +
= +

= =
= = =
n
i
i
n
i
i
n
i
i i
n
i
i
n
i
i
y nb a x
y x b x a x
1 1
1 1 1
2
) (
) ( ) (
Find a,b
Such that J is min.
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x=[1:9];
y=[5,6,10,20,28,33,34,36,42];
xp=[1:.01:9];
for k=1:4
coeff=polyfit(x,y,k)
yp(k,:)=polyval(coeff,xp);
J(k)=sum((polyval(coeff,x)-y).^2);
end
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(xp,yp(1,:),x,y,'o'),axis([0 10 0 50])
subplot(2,2,2)
subplot(2,2,3)
subplot(2,2,4)
disp(J)
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0 5 10
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10
0
10
20
30
40
50

J = 71.5389 56.6727 41.8838 4.6566
S= 1562 1562 1562 1562
r^2= .9542 .9637 .9732 .9970
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Self testing p.292

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Fitting other functions
y=bx
m
p=polyfit(log10(x),log10(y),1)
p(1)=m, p(2)=log
10
b

y=b(10)
mx
p=polyfit(x,log10(y),1)
P(1)=m, p(2)= log
10
b
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Live by the sea.
The quality of a curve fit
Coefficient of determination
r^2
fitting good for % 99 r
fitting good , 1 ~ , 1
1
] [
] ) ( [
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
>
= =
=
=
=
=
=
r J
S
J
r
y y S
y x f J
m
i
i
m
i
i i
Live by the sea.
Regression and numerical
accuracy

(1)
(2)
(format long, or format long e)

e.g. fitting for the data in p.295

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0 .1
2 1.884
4 2.732
6 3.388
8 3.346
10 3
12 2.644
14 2.022
16 1.65
18 1.5838
20 1.35
22 1.0082
24 .718
26 .689
28 .4308
30 .203
32 .1652
34 -.073
36 -.002
38 -.1122
40 .106
x y
05773943 . 0
20369642 . 1 15178007 . 0
10 7777 . 7 10 9209 . 1
10 1 . 2 0
217 0577394277 . 0
0774 2036964239 . 1 7153 1517800652 . 0
10 6 7777099161 . 7 10 920896532 . 1
10 09690135 . 2 10 33551 . 6
2
3 3 4 4
5 6 6
2
3 3 4 4
5 6 6 9
+
+
+
+ =
+
+
+
+ =

x x
x x
x x y
x x
x x
x x y
Live by the sea.
x1=[0:2:40];
y1=[.1,1.884,2.732,3.388,3.346,3,2.644,2.022,1.65,1.58
38,1.35,1.0082,.718,.689,.4308,.203,.1652,-.073,-.002,-
.1122,.106];
[p, s]=polyfit(x1,y1,6);
format long
x=[0:.1:40];
y = polyval(p,x);
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(x,y,x1,y1,'o')
subplot(2,1,2)
p2=round(p.*10^8)/10^8;
y2 = polyval(p2,x);
plot(x,y2,x1,y1,'o')
p
p2
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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
-1
0
1
2
3
4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
-15
-10
-5
0
5
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Live by the sea.
p.297

~ [0, 15]; (15, 40]
8 !

Live by the sea.
Give some criticism on the following figure!
Live by the sea.
Scaling the data
x=x-x
min
or x=x-x
mean
x=x/x
mean
or x=x/x
max
Live by the sea.
Year=[1990:1999];
Veh_Flow=[2.1,3.4,4.5,5.3,6.2,6.6,6.8,7,7.4,7.8];
p=polyfit(Year,Veh_Flow,3)

Warning: Matrix is close to singular or badly scaled.
Results may be inaccurate. RCOND = 2.791805e-019.
> In c:\matlab\toolbox\matlab\polyfun\polyfit.m at line 48
p =
1.0e+007 *
0.0000 0.0000 0.0104 -6.9010

year 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

million
2.1 3.4 4.5 5.3 6.2 6.6 6.8 7 7.4 7.8
Live by the sea.
Year=[1990:1999];
Veh_Flow=[2.1,3.4,4.5,5.3,6.2,6.6,6.8,7,7.4,7.8];
x=Year-1990;
p=polyfit(x,Veh_Flow,3)
J=sum((polyval(p,x)-Veh_Flow).^2);
S=sum((Veh_Flow-mean(Veh_Flow)).^2);
r2=1-J/S
p =
0.0087 -0.1851 1.5991 2.0362
r2 =
0.9972
year 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

million
2.1 3.4 4.5 5.3 6.2 6.6 6.8 7 7.4 7.8
Live by the sea.
2000 yield

polyval(p,10)
ans =
8.1767 million cars
year 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

million
2.1 3.4 4.5 5.3 6.2 6.6 6.8 7 7.4 7.8
Live by the sea.
Using residuals
P.300 example!
% time data
x=[0:19];
% contamination data
y=[6,13,23,33,54,83,118,156,210,282,...
350,440,557,685,815,990,1170,1350,1575
,1830];
%linear fitting
p1=polyfit(x,y,1);
% quadratic fitting
p2=polyfit(x,y,2);
% cubic fitting
p3=polyfit(x,y,3);
% exponential fitting
p4=polyfit(x,log10(y),1);
% residual
res1=polyval(p1,x)-y;
res4=10.^polyval(p4,x)-y;
Live by the sea.
Plot the residual
Live by the sea.
Linear model (0,0)

= =
=
=
= c c
=
=
m
i
i i
m
i
i
m
i
i i
y x x a
a J
y x a J
x a y
1 1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
have we
0 / let
) (
Live by the sea.
Quadratic model (0,0)

= = =
= = =
=
= +
= +
= c c = c c
+ =
+ + =
m
i
i i
m
i
i
m
i
i
m
i
i i
m
i
i
m
i
i
m
i
i i i
y x x a x a
y x x a x a
a J a J
y x a x a J
a x a x a y
1 1
2
2
1
3
1
1
2
1
3
2
1
4
1
2 1
1
2
2
2
1
3 2
2
1
have we
0 / 0 / let
) (
Live by the sea.
Not pass (0,0)
0 0 1
0 0 2
2
0 1
) (
) ( ) (
y x x a y
y x x a x x a y
+ =
+ + =
Live by the sea.
Multiple linear regression
y=a
0
+a
1
x
1
+a
2
x
2

Data (y, x
1
, x
2
)
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
=
=
n
n n
y
y
y
y
x x
x x
x x
x x
a
a
a
...
1
...
1
1
1
3
2
1
2 1
23 13
22 12
21 11
2
1
0
y
X a
y Xa
Live by the sea.
Example 5.6-3
x1=[0:3]';x2=[5,7,8,11]';
y=[7.1,19.2,31,45]';
X=[ones(size(x1)) x1 x2];
a=X\y
yp=X*a;
Max_percent_error=100*max(abs((yp-y)./y))
a =
0.8000
10.2429
1.2143
Max_percent_error =
3.2193
y=0.8+10.2429x
1
+1.2143x
2
Live by the sea.
Linear-in-the-parameters
regression
P.305 example
Self testing
Live by the sea.
Live by the sea.
5.7 the basic fitting interface
P.306
Live by the sea.
Live by the sea.
Live by the sea.
5.8 3-D Plots
3-d line plots
Surface mesh plot
Contour plots

Live by the sea.
t=[0:pi/50:10*pi];
plot3(exp(-.05*t).*sin(t),exp(-.05*t).*cos(t),t),...
xlabel('x'),ylabel('y',zlabel('z'),grid)
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
0
10
20
30
40
x
z
t z
t e y
t e x
t
t
=
=
=
cos
sin
05 . 0
05 . 0
Live by the sea.
Live by the sea.
[X,Y]=meshgrid(-2:.1:2);
Z=X.*exp(-((X-Y.^2).^2+Y.^2));
mesh(X,Y,Z),xlabel('x'),ylabel('y'),zlabel('z')
] ) [(
2 2 2
y y x
xe z
+
=
Live by the sea.
[X,Y]=meshgrid(-2:.1:2);
Z=X.*exp(-((X-Y.^2).^2+Y.^2));
contour(X,Y,Z),xlabel('x'),ylabel('y'),zlabel('z')
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
x
y
] ) [(
2 2 2
y y x
xe z
+
=
Live by the sea.
Live by the sea.
Live by the sea.

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