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B Sc (Chemical Engineering) Leather technology specialization By Central Leather Research Institute, India Leather Industry Development Institute, Ethiopia
Introduction to Microbiology
What is Microbiology?
Microbiology is the study of
microorganisms.
They are simple life forms They are not visible to naked eyes
History
The hypothesis of existence of microorganisms was put
History
Girolamo Fracastoro an Italian physician
in 1546 proposed that the epidemic diseases were caused by transferable seed like entities
Robert Hook (Netherland, 1632 - 1723) in
History
Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek (Netherland,
1632 - 1723) in 1676, invented single lens microscope and observed microorganisms in water, vinegar and wine; called them animalcules
History
Luis Pasteur (French, 1822 - 1895)
disproved spontaneous generation theory, discovered pasteurization, invented vaccines for anthrax and rabies
Robert Koch (German, 1843 - 1910)
invented methods to purify Bacillus from blood samples and developed pure cultures
Naming Microorganisms
Hierarchy of microbial taxonomy
production
Kingdom of Microorganisms
Bacteria
Characteristics of Bacteria
Bacteria ranges from 0.2 to 2 m diameter and
2 to 8 m length
There are three basic shapes
two); single DNA molecules replicates and both copies attach to cell membrane; cell membrane begins to grow between two DNA molecules; cell membrane then begins to pinch inward
Growth of Bacteria
Fungi - Morphology
Most fungi grow as hyphae
4.
coenocytic
Mycelium is the interlocked
network of hyphae
Fungi - Morphology
Septate hyphae are
compartmentalized
Septa have spores that allow
Fungi - Reproduction
of Fungi
Unicellular with few exceptions
m in some cases
Most reproduce asexually by mitosis
Leather Microbiology
Putrefaction
Lysozyme initiates the denaturation of animal skin or hide after removal This process of autolysis is followed by microbial growth Microorganisms, particularly bacteria beaks down the skin components mainly the proteins into simpler compounds Bacteria derive energy and obtain carbon from the proteins This process is putrefaction
Control of Putrefaction
Putrefaction can be controlled either by controlling the growth factors or by administering retarders Growth factors such as moisture, temperature and pH can be controlled to control bacterial growth (Eg.: drying, salting, chilling, freezing, pickling) Growth retarders (salt or bactericides) can also be used for preventing putrefaction
Fellmongering
As soon as the skin or hide is removed from the animal the autolytic process sets on (lysozyme acts) Following autolysis, the bacteria grows on skin or hide Bacteria secure carbon and energy from skin components particularly proteins Disadvantage is that the process can seldom be controlled; and leather making material is also denatured
Enzymes
Enzymes are proteins and act as (bio)catalysts; accelerating biochemical reactions They can be sourced from animals, plants and microorganisms Enzymes such as protease, lipase, amylase and xylanase are used in leather manufacturing and they are produced using microorganisms
Wastewater Treatment
Bacteria (both aerobic and anaerobic) are used for the treatment of wastewater In Activated Sludge Process (ASP) aerobic bacteria are used for breaking down the organic pollutants In anaerobic lagoon and UASB anaerobic organisms are used
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