Methods of Analysis

Mustafa Kemal Uygurolu

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Methods of Analysis Introduction Nodal analysis Nodal analysis with voltage source Mesh analysis Mesh analysis with current source Nodal and mesh analyses by inspection Nodal versus mesh analysis

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3.2 Nodal Analysis

Steps to Determine Node Voltages:
1. Select a node as the reference node. Assign voltage v1, v2, vn-1 to the remaining n-1 nodes. The voltages are referenced with respect to the reference node. 2. Apply KCL to each of the n-1 nonreference nodes. Use Ohms law to express the branch currents in terms of node voltages. 3. Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain the unknown node voltages.

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Figure 3.1
Common symbols for indicating a reference node, (a) common ground, (b) ground, (c) chassis.

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Figure 3.2
Typical circuit for nodal analysis

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I3= I 3+ i3+ i3 I 3+ i3 = i3 vhigher vlower i= R

v3 3 i3= or i3= G3 3 v R3

v3 v3 i3 = or i3 = G3(v3 v3) R3 v 3 3 i3 = or i3 = G3 3 v R3
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v3 v3 v3 I 3= I 3+ + R3 R3 v3 v3 v3 I 3+ = R3 R3
I3 I 3 = G3 3+ G3(v3 v3) v I 3 = G3(v3 v3) + G3 3 v

G3+ G3 G3 v3 = I3 I 3 G3 G3+ G3 v3 I 3
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Example 3.1
Calculus the node voltage in the circuit shown in Fig. 3.3(a)

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Example 3.1
At node 1

i3= i3+ i3 v3 v3 v3 3 3 = + 3 3

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Example 3.1
At node 2

i3+ i3 = i3+ i3 v3 v3 v3 3 3 = + 3 3

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Example 3.1

In matrix form:

3 3 3 + v 3 3 3 3 3 = 3 3 3 v3 3 + 3 3 3

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Practice Problem 3.1

Fig 3.4

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Example 3.2
Determine the voltage at the nodes in Fig. 3.5(a)

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Example 3.2
At node 1,

3 i3+ ix = v3 v3 v3 v3 3 = + 3 3

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Example 3.2
At node 2

ix = i3+ i3 v3 v3 v3 v3 v3 3 = + 3 3 3

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Example 3.2
At node 3

i3+ i3 = 3 ix v3 v3 v3 v3 3v3 v3) ( + = 3 3 3

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Example 3.2
In matrix form:

3 3 3 3 3 3
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3 3 3 3 3 3

3 3 v3 3 3 v3 = 3 3 3 v3 3 3
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3.3 Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources

Case 1: The voltage source is connected between a nonreference node and the reference node: The nonreference node voltage is equal to the magnitude of voltage source and the number of unknown nonreference nodes is reduced by one. Case 2: The voltage source is connected between two nonreferenced nodes: a generalized node (supernode) is formed.

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3.3 Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources

Fig. 3.7 A circuit with a supernode.
i3+ i3 = i3+ i3 v3 v3 v3 v3 v3 3 v3 3 + = + 3 3 3 3 v3 v3= 3

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 A supernode is formed by enclosing a (dependent or independent) voltage source connected between two nonreference nodes and any elements connected in parallel with it. The required two equations for regulating the two nonreference node voltages are obtained by the KCL of the supernode and the relationship of node voltages due to the voltage source.

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Example 3.3
For the circuit shown in Fig. 3.9, find the node voltages.
3 3 i3 i 3 3 = v v 3 3 3 3 = 3 3 3 v3 v3 = 3

i1

i2

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Example 3.4
Find the node voltages in the circuit of Fig. 3.12.

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Example 3.4
At suopernode 1-2,

v3 v3 v3 v3 v3 +3 = 3 + 3 3 3 v3 v3 = 3 3

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Example 3.4
At supernode 3-4,

v3 v3 v3 v3 v3 v3 = + + 3 3 3 3 v3 v3 = 3v3 v3) (

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3.4 Mesh Analysis

Mesh analysis: another procedure for analyzing circuits, applicable to planar circuit. A Mesh is a loop which does not contain any other loops within it

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Fig. 3.15
(a) A Planar circuit with crossing branches, (b) The same circuit redrawn with no crossing branches.

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Fig. 3.16
A nonplanar circuit.

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 Steps to Determine Mesh Currents:

1. 2. 3. Assign mesh currents i1, i2, .., in to the n meshes. Apply KVL to each of the n meshes. Use Ohms law to express the voltages in terms of the mesh currents. Solve the resulting n simultaneous equations to get the mesh currents.

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Fig. 3.17
A circuit with two meshes.

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 Apply KVL to each mesh. For mesh 1,

V3+ R33+ R3(i3 i3) = 3 i ( R3+ R3)i3 R33 = V3 i

For mesh 2,

R33+ V3+ R3(i3 i3 = 3 i ) R33+ ( R3+ R3)i3 = V3 i

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 Solve for the mesh currents.

R3+ R3 R3 i3 = V3 R3 R3+ R3 i3 V3
Use i for a mesh current and I for a branch current. Its evident from Fig. 3.17 that

I3= i3 I 3 = i3, ,

I 3 = i3 i3

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Example 3.5
Find the branch current I1, I2, and I3 using mesh analysis.

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Example 3.5
For mesh 1,

3 + 3 + 3(i3 i3) + 3 = 3 3 i3 3 3
For mesh 2,

3 3 =3 i3 i3 i3= 3 3 i3

3 + 3 + 3(i3 i3 3 = 3 i3 i3 3 ) 3
We can find i1 and i2 by substitution method or , , Cramers rule. Then, I3= i3 I 3 = i3 I 3 = i3 i3
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Example 3.6
Use mesh analysis to find the current I0 in the circuit of Fig. 3.20.

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Example 3.6
Apply KVL to each mesh. For mesh 1,

3 + 3(i3 i3) + 3(i3 i3) = 3 3 3 3 3i3 3 3 = 3 3 i3 i3 3

For mesh 2,

3i3+ 3i3 i3) + 3(i3 i3 = 3 3 ( 3 ) 3 + 1i3 3 = 3 i3 1 i3

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Example 3.6
For mesh 3,
33+ 3(i3 i3 + 3i3 i3) = 3 I 3 ) ( At node A, I 3 = I3 i3, 3i3 i3) + 3(i3 i3 + 3i3 i3) = 3 ( 3 ) ( i3 i3+ 3 = 3 i3

In matrix from Eqs. (3.6.1) to (3.6.3) become

3 3 3 3 3 i3 3 3 1 3i3 = 3 1 3 3 3 i 3 3

we can calculus i1, i2 and i3 by Cramers rule, and find I0.

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3.5 Mesh Analysis with Current Sources

Fig. 3.22 A circuit with a current source.

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 Case 1
Current source exist only in one mesh

i3= A 3
One mesh variable is reduced

Case 2
Current source exists between two meshes, a super-mesh is obtained.

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Fig. 3.23
a supermesh results when two meshes have a (dependent , independent) current source in common.

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Properties of a Supermesh
1. The current is not completely ignored
provides the constraint equation necessary to solve for the mesh current.

1. A supermesh has no current of its own. 2. Several current sources in adjacency form a bigger supermesh.

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Example 3.7
For the circuit in Fig. 3.24, find i1 to i4 using mesh analysis.

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 If a supermesh consists of two meshes, two equations are needed; one is obtained using KVL and Ohms law to the supermesh and the other is obtained by relation regulated due to the current source.

3 + 3i3 = 3 i3 3 3 i3 i3 = 3

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 Similarly, a supermesh formed from three meshes needs three equations: one is from the supermesh and the other two equations are obtained from the two current sources.

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3 + 3 + 3i3 i3) + 3 = 3 i3 i3 ( i3 i3 i3 = 3 i3 i3= i3 3i3 i3) + 3 + 3 = 3 ( i3 3

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3.6 Nodal and Mesh Analysis by Inspection

The analysis equations can be obtained by direct inspection

(a)For circuits with only resistors and independent current sources (b)For planar circuits with only resistors and independent voltage sources

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 In the Fig. 3.26 (a), the circuit has two nonreference nodes and the node equations

I3= I 3+ G3 3+ G3(v3 v3) (3 ) v .3 I 3+ G3(v3 v3) = G3 3 v MATRIX G3+ G3 G3 v3 = I3 I 3 G3 G3+ G3 v3 I 3

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(3 ) .3

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 In general, the node voltage equations in terms of the conductances is

or simply Gv = i

G3 G3 G3 v3 i3 3 3 N G G G v i 3 3 3 N 3 3 3 = 3 G G G v i N N3 N 3 NN N

where G : the conductance matrix, v : the output vector, i : the input vector
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 The circuit has two nonreference nodes and the node equations were derived as

R3+ R3 R3 i3 = v3 R3 R3+ R3 i3 v3

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 In general, if the circuit has N meshes, the meshcurrent equations as the resistances term is

or simply Rv = i

R3 R3 R3 i3 v3 3 3 N R R R i v 3 3 3 N 3 3 3 = 3 R R R i v N N3 N 3 NN N

where R : the resistance matrix, i : the output vector, v : the input vector
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Example 3.8
Write the node voltage matrix equations in Fig.3.27.

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Example 3.8
The circuit has 4 nonreference nodes, so
3 3 3 33 G3 = + = 3 , G3 = + + = 3 3 .3 3 .33 3 33 3 3 33 3 3 3 3 33 G3 = + + = 3 , G3 = + + = 3 3 .3 3 .33 3 3 3 3 3 33

The off-diagonal terms are

3 G3 = = 3 , G3 = G3 = 3 .3 3 3 3 3 3 3 G3 = 3 , G3 = = 3 3, G3 = = 3 .3 3 .33 3 3 3 3 G3 = 3 G3 = 3 3, G3 = 3 3 , 3 .33 3 .33 3 G1 = 3 G1 = 3 G3 = 3 3 , 1 , 3 .33 1

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Example 3.8
The input current vector i in amperes

The node-voltage equations are

i3= 3 i3 = 3 3 3 i3 = 3 i3 = 3 3 3 , = , , + = .3 .3 3 3 3 3 v3 3 3 v 3 .3 3 .3333 3 3 .33 3 = .33 .3 3 3 v3 3 .33 3 3 3 3 3 3 v 3 3 3 .33 3 .111 3

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Example 3.9
Write the mesh current equations in Fig.3.27.

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Example 3.9
The input voltage vector v in volts

v3= 3 v3 = 3 3 3 , 3 = , v3 = 3 + 3 3 v3 = 3 v3 = 3 3 = , ,
The mesh-current equations are
3 3 3 3 3 i3 i 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 i3 = 3 3 3 3 3 3 i 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 i3
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3.7 Nodal Versus Mesh Analysis

Both nodal and mesh analyses provide a systematic way of analyzing a complex network. The choice of the better method dictated by two factors.
First factor : nature of the particular network. The key is to select the method that results in the smaller number of equations. Second factor : information required.

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BJT Circuit Models

(a)An npn transistor, (b) dc equivalent model.

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Example 3.13
For the BJT circuit in Fig.3.43, =150 and VBE = 0.7 V. Find v0.

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Example 3.13
Use mesh analysis or nodal analysis

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Example 3.13

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3.10 Summery
1. Nodal analysis: the application of KCL at the nonreference nodes
A circuit has fewer node equations

1. A supernode: two nonreference nodes 2. Mesh analysis: the application of KVL

A circuit has fewer mesh equations

1. A supermesh: two meshes

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Homework
Problems 7, 12, 20, 31(write down required equations only), 39, 49, 53(write down required equations only)

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