The Nervous System

SMS 1084 Dr. Mohanad R. Alwan

The Nervous System

SMS 1084 Dr. Mohanad R. Alwan

12 June 2007

CNS1.ppt

Stages and Time Frames

Ovum Zygote Morula Blastocyst Embryo Fetus

(Oh, Zee my baby eats fast)

Stages of fertilization
(1) 12-30 hours first cell division (2) 3 days division continues until a solid ball is formed (3) 5 days continue to divide, but cells move toward outer edge of blastocyst (4) 6 days cells begin to move inward (5) 8 days beginning of embryonic disc & zygote becomes attached to the uterus (6) 14 days zygote is completely attached to the uterus and embryonic disc is fully formed

Implantation

First weeks of human development: Blastocyst embedded in endometrium.

Embryonic stage (14 days 8 weeks): Begins at the full formation of embryonic disc: i. Mesoderm: contains chemical signals for various areas of nervous system; directs formation ii. Endoderm: forms everything else iii. Ectoderm: forms nervous system (brain), fingernails, hair, and skin. Changes: 1. Thickens in the middle (neural plate) 2. Groove starts to form (neural groove) 3. Groove closes to form tube (neural tube) a. At the top of canal is neural crest, forms PNS

Development of the CNS

Similar in all "Amniotes"
Blastoderm over yolk sac three "germ layers"
Ectoderm ("outside skin") Mesoderm ("middle skin") Endoderm ("inner skin")

Nervous System Development

1) At 18 days after conception the embryo begins to implant in the uterine wall. It consists of 3 layers of cells: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Thickening of the ectoderm leads to the development of the neural plate (inserts). 2) The neural groove begins to develop at 20 days.

Nervous System Development

Develops from Ectoderm
Rising of neural folds Sinking of neural plate forms neural groove Folds fuse to complete neural tube

Nervous System Development

Again
Neural tube forms CNS (esp. spinal cord) Expands anteriorly to form brain Peripheral nerves develop from lateral "neural crest" cells

10

Nervous System Development

3. At 22 days the neural groove closes along the length of the embryo making a tube. 4.A few days later 4 major divisions of the brain are observable the: Telencephalon, Diencephalon, Mesencephalon, and Rhombencephalon.

11

Nervous System Development in the Human Embryo

Ectoderm to Neuroectoderm: 20 days to 30 days

Expansion of Brain Primary

Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain

15

Expansion of Brain
Secondary
Forebrain
Telencephalon Diencephalon

Midbrain
remains just midbrain

Hindbrain
Cerebellum Brain stem
16

Then further differentiation into 5 secondary vesicles:

Expansion of Brain
Final development
Telencephalon = cerebrum Diencephalon = thalamus + hypothalamus Cerebellum Brain stem = Midbrain + pons + medulla oblongata

19

Expansion of Brain

Expansion of Brain

Expansion of Brain
24-hr Chick 22-23 days pf Human

23-26 days of Human

Differentiation of the Neural Tube

Histological changes 1. Neural tube initially a single layer of cells: germinal epithelium 2. Cells are called neural stem cells
Neurons Glial Cells: Myelin sheath

Origin of PNS Cells

From neural tube:
All motor neurons of somatic nervous system Preganglionic neurons of autonomic system

From neural crest:

Sensory nerves and associated ganglia Postganglionic neurons of autonomic system

Neural Crest Cells

Induced by organizing cells of notochord Main functional groups:
Cranial neural crest: Bones and connective tissue of face Tooth primordia Thymus, parathyroid, thyroid glands Sensory cranial neurons Parasympathetic ganglia and nerves Parts of the heart (cardiac neural crest)

Neural Crest Cells

Main functional groups:
Trunk neural crest: Melanocytes Sensory neurons Sympathetic ganglia and nerves Medulla of adrenal glands

Differentiation of Neurons
Within nerve tube:
Dorsal Interneurons Ventral Motor neurons

Differentiation of Neurons
Motor neurons:
Tissues they innervate depends on: Anterior-posterior location along the nerve tube When the cells were born

Fetal Period: Two Months to Birth (38 weeks)

Fetal Period
Foundation for the entire CNS is set 6 stages of CNS development complete the prenatal process

Six Stages of Nervous System Development

1. Mitosis (cell division) or Neurogenesis in the ventricular zone, One cell division can lead to a daughter cell, will divide again forming an immature neuron 2. Migration: cells move from VZ to their destination; this migration is aided by glial cells, abnormal migration found in a number of disorders Abnormalities in migration are presentin people with learning disabilities, schizophrenia and autism (more on this in a little while)

3. Differentiation: The Process which gives rise to

specific neurons and glial cells

4. Synaptogenesis: Neuronal maturation

1. Elongation of axons (w/growth cones) 2. Establish terminals 3. Elongation of dendrites 4. Expression of NT Neurotrophic factors stimulate cell growth, i.e. nerve growth, factor helps neuron to mature.

5. Normal cell death (more on this later) - Apotosis active cell death during
development

- Necrosis passive cell death due to injury 6. Synaptic rearrangement: dependent on

apotosis and experience!!!!

Cellular Development of the Postnatal Brain

Cells of the Cerebral Cortex

Brain Development Occurs in Waves through Age 21

Temporal Parietal Limbic Frontal

43