Distance Protection Schemes

Zones Of Distance Protection

Zone 1:
Trips with no intentional time delay Underreaches to avoid unnecessary operation for faults beyond remote terminal Typical reach setting range 80-90% of ZL Zone 2: Set to protect remainder of line Overreaches into adjacent line/equipment Minimum reach setting 120% of ZL Typically time delayed Zone 3: Remote backup for relay/station failures at remote terminal Reaches beyond Z2, load encroachment a consideration

Z3 (remote backup) Z2 (time delayed) Z1

Local Z1

Z1 Remote

Local Z1 End Zone

End Zone

Z1 Remote

Pilot Aided Schemes

Non-Pilot Aided Schemes

(Step Distance)

Communication between Distance relays

No Communication between Distance Relays

Zone1 Extension Scheme

Local Relay

Remote Relay

Communication Channel

Pilot Communications Channels

Typical communications media include: Power line carrier Microwave Radio Optic fiber (directly connected or multiplexed channels)

Pilot-Aided Distance-Based Schemes

DUTT Direct Under-reaching Transfer Trip PUTT Permissive Under-reaching Transfer Trip POTT Permissive Over-reaching Transfer Trip DCB Directional Comparison Blocking Scheme

DCUB Directional Comparison Unblocking Scheme

DUTT Scheme
Local Z1

Breaker Tripped

Breaker Closed

Z1

DUTT Scheme

Permissive Underreaching Transfer Trip (PUTT)

Requires both under reach and overreach zones Identical to DUTT, with pilot tripping signal supervised by overreach

PUTT Scheme

Current Reversal Condition

PUTT Scheme

Permissive Overreaching Transfer Trip (POTT)

Weak Infeed Feature

 Substation A Will Not Pick up for fault If there is fault substation b send permissive signal To prevent incorrect tripping at end A in case of reverse fault reverse looking feature provided

Substation A Will Not Pick up for fault If there is fault substation b send permissive signal To prevent incorrect tripping at end A in case of reverse fault reverse looking feature provided

Logic Diagram

Blocking Over Reach Protection scheme

Directional Comparison Unblocking Scheme