Petroleum Fractions and Their Uses

Wan Afiff Madee Nurfiza

So sit back and enjoy our presentation

Once upon a time.

23.March.2010

1546 the term petroleum was first used (German mineralogist George Bauer ) 1854 to 1856 the first oil refineries built by Ignacy Lukasiewicz near Jaslo, Austrian Empire (now in Poland)

More than 4000 years ago Asphalt was used in the construction of the walls and towers of Babylon; there were oil pits near Ardericca and a pitch spring on Zacynthus (Herodotus and Diodorus Siculus)
Top three oil producing Saudi Arabia, Russia and United States of America

Oil Producing Countries

Can she stop talking about the history and tell me what is petroleum erm I really want to know

Petroleum???
Macam pernah dengar tapi di mana ya???

Petroleum is a complex mixture of organic liquids called crude oil and natural gas, which occurs naturally in the ground and was formed millions of years ago.

Pariffin, Naphthene and Aromatic

Crude oil varies from oilfield to oilfield in colour and composition, from a pale yellow low viscosity liquid to heavy black 'treacle' consistencies.

Main fractions from the distillation of petroleum

Product Petroleum Gas Gasoline Petrol Kerosene Diesel Residue (lubricating oils, waxes and bitumen) Chain length C1 to C5 C5toC7 C7 to C12 C11 to C12 C13 to C25 C26 to Boiling range(C) Below room temperature 40 - 150C 150 - 180C 160 - 250C 250 - 400C >400C

 All the fractions are insoluble in water and burn in air.

The following changes occur as their boiling points increase: * molecules become larger * the liquids flow less easily (more viscous) * the liquids burn less easily * when the liquids burn, they do so with a smokier flame (soots produces due to incomplete combustion)

Refining Process
Begins with Distillation Reforming Cracking Alkylation Isomerisation Polymerisation

Why this process is develop?

breaking down large, heavy hydrocarbon molecules reshaping or rebuilding hydrocarbon molecules.

Distillation (Fractionation)
Two types of distillation are performed:
Atmospheric distillation Vacuum distillation

 Atmospheric distillation

takes place in a distilling column at or near atmospheric pressure crude oil is heated to 350 - 400oC and the vapour and liquid are piped into the distilling column

Liquid fractions are drawn from the trays and

removed

 Vacuum distillation
recover additional heavy distillates allows heavy hydrocarbons with boiling points of

>450oC be separated without them partly cracking into unwanted products such as coke and gas
Use solvent extraction

Reforming
a process which uses heat, pressure and a catalyst
chemical reactions which upgrade naphthas into high

octane petrol and petrochemical feedstock

Ex: paraffins are converted to isoparaffins paraffins are converted to naphthenes naphthenes are converted to aromatics

e.g. catalyst heptane C7H16 -> -> toluene C7H8 + + hydrogen 4H2

catalyst cyclohexane C6H12 -> -> benzene C6H6 + + hydrogen 3H2

Cracking
processes break down heavier hydrocarbon molecules

(high boiling point oils) into lighter products processes include

catalytic cracking thermal cracking hydrocracking.

 Catalytic cracking
convert heavy hydrocarbon fractions obtained by

vacuum distillation into a mixture of more useful products

the feedstock undergoes a chemical breakdown, under

controlled heat (450 - 500oC) and pressure, in the presence of a catalyst(silica magnesia)

 Thermal cracking
uses heat to break down the residue from vacuum

distillation
cracked gases are converted to petrol blending

components by alkylation or polymerization

oldest technology in distillation

 Hydrocracking
catalytic cracking in the presence of hydrogen increase the yield of petrol components

used to produce light distillates

produces no residues, only light oils

e.g. A typical reaction: catalyst C16H34 -> C8H18 + C8H16

Alkylation
chemical bonding of these light molecules with

isobutane to form larger branched-chain molecules (isoparaffins) that make high octane petrol

e.g.

catalyst

isobutane

butylene

->

isooctane

C4H10

C4H8

->

C8H18

Isomerisation
chemical rearrangement of straight-chain

hydrocarbons (paraffins)
contain branches attached to the main chain

(isoparaffins)

 Why isomerisation is needed?

create extra isobutane feed for alkylation
improve the octane of straight run pentanes and

hexanes and hence make them into better petrol blending components.

 Polymerisation Under pressure and temperature, over an acidic catalyst, light unsaturated hydrocarbon molecules react and combine with each other to form larger hydrocarbon molecules used to react butenes (olefin molecules with four carbon atoms) with iso-butane (branched paraffin molecules, or isoparaffins, with four carbon atoms) to obtain a high octane olefinic petrol blending component called polymer gasoline.

What is their uses??

Group into three categories: 1. 2. 3.

Light distillates (LPG, gasoline, naphtha) Middle distillates (kerosene, diesel) Heavy distillates and residuum (heavy fuel oil, lubricating oil, wax, asphaiti)

Children - transportation Family - cooking Worker - industry Community facilities Country increase the economy

Yes..any question??