Type-2 Fuzzy Sets and Systems

Outline
Introduction Type-2 fuzzy sets. Interval type-2 fuzzy sets Type-2 fuzzy systems.

History

What is a T2 FS and How is it Different From a T1 FS?

T1 FS: crisp grades of membership

T2 FS: fuzzy grades of membership, a fuzzy-fuzzy set.

Type-2 fuzzy sets

Blur the boundaries of a T1 FS Possibility assigned could be non-uniform Clean things up Choose uniform possibilities interval type-2 FS

Where Does a T2 FS Come From?

Consider a FS as a model for a word Words mean different things to different people. So, we need a FS model that can capture the uncertainties of a word. A T2 FS can do this. Lets see how.

Collect Data from a Group of Subjects

On a scale of 010 locate the end points of an interval for some eye contact

Collect Data from a Group of Subjects

On a scale of 010 locate the end points of an interval for some eye contact

Create a Multitude of T1 FSs

Choose the shape of the MF, as we do for T1 FSs, e.g. symmetric triangles Create lots of such triangles that let us cover the two intervals of uncertainty

Fill-er-in and Some New Terms

UMF: Upper membership function (MF) LMF: Lower MF Shaded region: Footprint of uncertainty (FOU)

Weighting the FOU

Non-uniform secondary MF: General T2 FS Uniform secondary MF: Interval T2 FS

More Terms

Type 2 fuzzy sets

Imagine blurring a type 1 membership function. There is no longer a single value for the membership function for any x value, there are a few Quite tall
e.g. Tallness

e.g. Joe Bloggs

We interested Type-n Fuzzy Setsare only for now In type 2

A fuzzy set is of type n, n = 2, 3, . . . if its membership function ranges over fuzzy sets of type n-1. The membership function of a fuzzy set of type-1 ranges over the interval [0,1]. Zadeh, L.A., The Concept of a Linguistic Variable and its Application to Approximate Reasoning - I, Information Sciences, 8,199 249, 1975

Type 2 fuzzy sets

These values need not all be the same We can therefore assign an amplitude distribution to all of the points Doing this creates a 3-D membership function i.e. a type 2 membership function This characterises a fuzzy set

Example of a type 2 membership function. The shaded area is called the Footprint of Uncertainty (FOU)
~ A(x,u) jx is the set of possible u values, i.e. j3 = [0.6, 0.8] Jx is called the primary membership of x and is the domain of the secondary membership function.

The amplitude of the sticks is called a secondary grade

~ A(x,u)

Referring to the diagram, the secondary membership function at x = 1 is a /0 + b /0.2 + c /0.4. Its primary membership values at x = 1 are u = 0, 0.2, 0.4, and their associated secondary grades are a, b and c respectively.

(Mendel, 2001, p85)

FOU continued
The FOU is the union of all primary memberships It is the region bounded by all of the j values i.e. the red shaded region on the earlier slide. FOU is useful because:
Focuses our attention on uncertainties (blurriness!) Allows us to depict a type 2 fuzzy set graphically in 2 dimensions instead of 3. The shaded FOUs imply the 3rd dimension on top of it.

Type-2 Fuzzy Sets - Notation

x,u intersection somewhere in the FOU

For all u contained in our primary memberships /domain

Type-2 Fuzzy Sets Notation

Important Representations of an IT2 FS: 1

Vertical Slice RepresentationVery useful and widely used for computation

Important Representations of an IT2 FS: 2

Wavy Slice RepresentationVery useful and widely used for theoretical developments

Example

Calculating the number of embedded sets

In the above example there would be:

5 x 5 x 2 x 5 x 5 = 1250 So there are 1250 embedded sets

More formally: Fundamental Decomposition Theorem

N is discretisation of x

M is discretisation of u

i.e. the union of all the embedded sets Indicates how to calculate the number of embedded sets
example on previous slide

Important Representations of an IT2 FS

Wavy Slice: Also known as Mendel- John Representation Theorem (RT)
Importance: All operations involving IT2 FSs can be obtained using T1 FS mathematics

Interpretation of the two representations: Both are covering theorems, i.e., they cover the FOU

Set-Theoretic Operations

Centroid of type-2 fuzzy sets

Comparison with type-1

Type-1 fuzzy sets are two dimensional Type-2 fuzzy sets are three dimensional Type one membership grades are in [0,1] We can have linguistic grades with type-2 Type-1 fuzzy systems are computationally cheap Type-2 fuzzy systems are computationally Various approaches being taken expensive (but..) To solve/get round this

Interval T2 FSs
Rest of tutorial focuses exclusively on IT2 FSs
Computations using general T2 FSs are very costly Many computations using IT2 FSs involve only interval arithmetic All details of how to use IT2 FSs in a fuzzy logic system have been worked out Software available Lots of applications have already occurred

Other FOUs

Interval Valued type-2 fuzzy sets

When the amplitudes of of the secondary membership function all equal 1, we have an interval valued fuzzy set.

Interval valued type-2 fuzzy sets

~ A( x, u)

~ A

i.e. ( x, u ) = 1

Interval valued type-2 fuzzy sets

A lot of researchers use IVFS as a way of resolving computational expense issue.

IVFS in 2-dimensions

Type-2 person FS

Type-2 person FS

Type-2 fuzzy system overview

So this is extra Compared to type-1

Fuzzification

Fuzzifying in type-1 (fairly easy)

Fuzzifying in type-2 (not so easy)

Interval Type-2 FLS

Rules dont change, only the antecedent and consequent FS models change Novel Output Processing: Going from a T2 fuzzy output set to a crisp outputtype-reduction + defuzzification

Interpretation for an IT2 FLS

A T2 FLS is a collection of T1 FLSs

IT2 FLS Inference for One Rule

IT2 FLS Inference to Output for Two Fired Rules

Output Processing

Defuzzification is trivial once typereduction has been performed