RESEARCH

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The word RESEARCH

Composed of two syllables, RE and SEARCH.
re is a prefix -> again, anew or over again.
search is a verb -> to examine closely and carefully, to test and try, or to probe. Together they form a noun describing a careful, systematic, patient study and investigation in some field of knowledge, undertaken to establish facts or principles.
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Meaning of Research
Scientific and systematic search for relevant information on a specific topic. Systematized effort to gain new knowledge. Movement from the known to unknown.

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 In effect:
Research comprises of defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis, collecting, organizing and evaluating data, making deductions and research conclusions at last carefully testing conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating of hypothesis.

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Objectives of Research
To explore gain into unexplored area. To describe particular situation, event, individual..etc To diagnose how frequently a particular event is associated with another event. To establish causal relationship between the dependent variables with independent variables.
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Research METHODS vs METHODOLOGY

METHODS Aim at finding solutions to research problems. Techniques used for conducting research on a topic. Involves conduct of experiments, tests, surveys. METHOLODGY Aims at the employment of the correct procedures to find out solutions. Methods by which you may proceed with your research. Involves the learning of the various techniques that can be used in the conduct of research and in the conduct of tests, experiments, surveys and critical studies
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Types of Research
Classification based on Purpose, time, methodology, setting..etc.

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Basic/ Fundamental research Applied research Historic research Descriptive research Analytical research Conceptual research Empirical research Qualitative research Quantitative research Cross-sectional research Longitudinal research Simulation research
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Basic research
For the sake of enhancing knowledge. Research may or may not have any practical relevance. Formulating theories and generalizations.

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Applied research
Termed as need based research having high practical relevance. The basic aim of such research is to find solutions to problems being faced by society, government or business Market research is an example of applied research.
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Historic research
Study of past records and data in order to understand the future trends and development of the organisation or market. There is no direct observation. The research has to depend on the conclusions or inferences drawn in the past.

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Descriptive research
State of view as it exists at present. It is fact finding investigation. To describe the characteristics of the respondent in relation to a particular product. For example, trends in the consumption of soft drink with respect to socioeconomic characteristics such as age, family, income, education level etc.
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Analytical research
The researcher has to use facts or information already available and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material.

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Conceptual research
This is generally used by philosophers. It is related to some abstract idea or theory. In this type of research, the researcher should collect the data to prove or disapprove his hypothesis. The various ideologies or isms are examples of conceptual research.
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Empirical research
It is data based research, coming up with conclusions which are capable of being verified by observation or experiment. This research enables one to develop theories and principles and to arrive at generalisations.
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Qualitative research

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Quantitative research

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Cross-sectional research
A snapshot of the frequency and characteristics of a condition in a population at a particular point in time.

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Longitudinal research
It involves the collection of data from a sample at different points in time. The purpose is to examine changes or continuity in the samples' characteristics.

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Simulation research
The creation of an artificial environment which is similar to the real environment. Eg.: To study the consumers spending behaviour, he can be given Rs. 1000 and his buying behavior can be recorded in an outlet very similar to an actual retail environment.
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Research Process Steps

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Research Process
Formulating the research problem Extensive literature survey Developing the hypothesis Preparing research design Determining sample design Collecting the data Analysis of data Hypothesis testing Generalization and interpretation Preparation of the report
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1. Formulation of research problem

Criteria:
Originality Clarity and Unambiguity Interest and Curiosity Important and Applicable Feasibility with Researcher's Abilities. Cost and Time Feasibility

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Sources of problem
Personal, professional experience. Review of literature.
Conceptual Empirical

and

academic

Conferences and seminars. Technical and social changes. Imagination and creativity.
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2. Literature review
The term literature refers to the knowledge of a particular area of investigation. The term review means to organize the knowledge of the specific area of research to evolve an edifice of knowledge to show that his study would be an addition to this field.
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Objectives
It provides theories, ideas, explanations..etc. It avoids the replication. It provides the sources for hypothesis. It suggests method, procedure, sources of data and statistical techniques appropriate to the solution of the problem. It locates comparative data and findings useful in the interpretation and discussion of results. It contributes towards the accurate knowledge of the evidence
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 Two phases:
The first phase includes identifying all the relevant published material in the problem area and reading that part of it with which we are not thoroughly familiar. The second phase of the review of literature involves writing this foundation of ideas into a section of the research report.

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Sources of literature
Books and Text books Material Periodicals Encyclopedias Handbooks, Yearbooks and Guides References on International Education Specialized Dictionaries ERIC (Educational Research Information Centre) Dissertations and Theses Newspaper
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3. Formulation of Hypotheses
The word hypothesis consists of two words:
Hypo + thesis = Hypothesis Hypo means tentative or subject to the verification Thesis means statement about solution of a problem.

The meaning of the term hypothesis is a tentative statement about the solution of the problem.
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 The research activities are planned to verify the hypothesis and not to find out the solution of the problem or to seek an answer of a question.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD HYPOTHESIS

Agreement with the observed facts. Does not conflict with any law of nature which is known to be true.

Stated in the simplest possible term.

Ensures that the methods of verification are under control of the investigator. Indicates clearly the role of different variables involved in the study.
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Sources of Hypotheses
Specialization of an educational field. Programme of reading: Published studies, Hand books, seminars on the issue, current trends on the research area. Considering existing practices and needs. Extension of the investigation. Offshoots of research studies in the field.

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Process for the Formulation of Theories

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4.Research Design

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What is research design? (Read it)- Analogy

When constructing a building there is no point ordering materials or setting critical dates for completion of project stages until we know what sort of building is being constructed. The first decision is whether we need a high rise office building, a factory for manufacturing machinery, a school, a residential home or an apartment block. Until this is done we cannot sketch a plan, obtain permits, work out a work schedule or order materials.
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 A conceptual structure within which research is conducted. It is a part of the planning stage of research, a blue print for the collection, measurement and analysis of data.

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Research Methods vs Research Design

Research methods are generalized and established ways of approaching research questions (e.g., qualitative vs. quantitative methods). Not all methods can be applied to all research questions, so the choice of method is limited by the area of research that you wish to explore. Research design involves determining how your chosen method will be applied to answer your research question. The design of your study can be thought of as a blueprint detailing what will be done and how this will be accomplished. Key aspects of research design include: research methodology; participant/sample collection and assignment and data collection procedures and instruments.

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 A research design includes the following components :

Research method or research strategy. Sampling design. Choice of research tools. Choice of statistical techniques.

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Characteristics of a good design

Objectivity-Free from bias. Reliability- Consistent result. Validity-Accurate and correct result. Generalization-True for entire population.

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CONCEPTS RELATING TO RD
Dependent and independent variables Extraneous variable-Independent variable that are not related to the purpose of study, but may affect the dependent variable Control- Minimizing the effects of extraneous independent variables.

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 Confounded relationship- When the dependent

variable is not free from the influence of extraneous variable(s), the relationship between the dependent and independent variables is said to be confounded by an extraneous variable(s). Research hypothesis- The research hypothesis is a predictive statement that relates an independent variable to a dependent variable.

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 Treatments- The different conditions under which experimental and control groups are put are usually referred to as treatments. Experiment- The process of examining the truth of a statistical hypothesis, relating to some research problem, is known as an experiment.

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Types of Research Design

Research Design

Exploratory Research Design

Conclusive Research Design

Descriptive
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Diagnostic

Experimental
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Exploratory Research design

Provide insight into unexplored areas. Main objectives:
Evaluate the feasibility of a research project. Formulate a problem statement. Provide theoretical basis to a hypothesis. Provide alternative option to a problem. Establish possibilities for further research.

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Conclusive Research Design

Conclusive design is prepared with a specific problem in mind. Types:
Descriptive Diagnostic Experimental

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Descriptive
Used when the purpose of study is to learn who, what, when, where and how of a topic. To describe the characteristics of relevant group like a tribal community, consumers. To study the proportion of people in a particular population who hold certain specific attitudes, opinions. To make predictions related a particular phenomena.
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Diagnostic Research
It is conducted: Establish whether two or more variables are associated Determine the degree to which the variables are associated.

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Experimental Research
To study the cause and effect relationship between variables under study. Three principles of experimental design
Principle of replication
Repeat more than once Many experimental units instead of one.

Principle of randomization
Against the effect of extraneous factors

Principle of local control

Extraneous factor fixed.
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Important Experimental designs

Before-and-after without control design Informal After-only with control design Before-and-after with control design Experimental design
Completely randomized design (C.R. design)

Randomized block design(R.B. design) Formal Latin square design (L.S. design) Factorial designs
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1.Before-and-after without control design

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2.After-only with control design

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3.Before-and-after with control design

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4. Completely randomized design

Two principles of experimental design:
Principle of replication Principle of randomization

Used when the dependent variable is influenced by a single independent variable. Two types;
Two group simple randomized design Random replication design
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Two group simple randomized design

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Random replication design

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5.Randomized block design

Effect of one extraneous variable

Dependent Passenger traffic Independent- Fare reduction Extraneous location of residence

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6.Latin square design

Effect of two extraneous variables

Dependent Passenger traffic Independent- Fare reduction 2 Extraneous variables location of residence, type of bus

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7.Factorial Design
Used where the effect of more than one independent variable on the dependent variable is to be measured. Allows interaction between variables. Two types:
Simple factorial design Complex factorial design

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Simple factorial design

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Complex factorial design

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