ELECTRICITY

Electricity is the science associated with flow of electric current

AC
AC means alternating current We can see an ac wave using an instrument called Oscilloscope

AC WAVE FORM
The wave form of ac is a continuously changing signal The signal voltage changes at each second.

AC GENERATION

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The ac signal
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Dc signal
DC means direct current The voltage generated from a battery is DC AC voltage can be converted to DC using a rectifier circuit

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Current
The unit of current is Ampere

1 ampere = 1000 milli ampere Conventional current flows from positive of battery to the negative terminal

Ohms Law
Voltage is directly proportional to current. When current flows through a resistor the voltage measured across it increases as current increases and decreases as current decreases. Voltage is measured by eqation V = I R

Dc voltage and current When measuring voltage connect the meter in parallel with the resistor When measuring current connect the meter in series with the circuit measurement

Electronics
Electronics is a branch of science dealing with electrical circuits containing active components such as Diodes ,Transistors, and Integrated circuits. Transistor IC

Finding values of resistors

Colour coding table

Passive Components Resistors

Parallel connection of Resistors. The total resistance reduces when connected in parallel

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Resistance connected in series

Total resistance increases when resistance are connected in series

capacitor
Unit of capacitance is Farad Capacitors are available in micro farad and Nano farads Different types of capacitor are Electrolytic and Disc capacitor
Electrolytic capacitor

Disc capacitor

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Transformer has a primary winding and secondary winding Ac is applied to the primary of transformer Output is available on the secondary There are step up transformer and step down transformer. In a step down transformer the output voltage is lower than the input

Transformer

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Connection diagram

Active components Diodes

Diode
Diode is an electronic device which allow passage of electricity in one direction only Diode current flows from anode to cathode

Diode forward biased

When we connect positive terminal of battery to anode and negative terminal of battery to cathode of diode the diode is forward biased. For conduction of diode the voltage of battery must be more than 0.7 volts

Rectifier
It is a circuit which convert an ac voltage to dc voltage Application example of Rectifier is a Battery Eliminator There are three types of Rectifier Half wave using single Diode Full wave centre tap using two diodes Full wave Bridge using four diodes

Half wave rectifier

It consist of only one diode . The output is measured across resistor R. The output is a pulsating dc signal

Full wave Centre Tap Rectifier

Full wave Bridge rectifier

Battery Eliminator using half wave Rectifier

It is a three terminal device

Transistor

There are three terminals named Collector, Base, Emitter Current flows from collector to emitter This flow of current from collector to emitter is controlled by a small current through the base Usually milliampere or Ampere current flows between collector and emitter. This current is controlled by microampere current through the base So it is similar to a current controlled switch

Transistor switch
Current flowing through the base is Ib and current flowing through collector is IC