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(http://pveducation.org/)
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Properties of Sun Light


Sunlight is a form of electromagnetic radiation and the visible light that we see is a small subset of the electromagnetic spectrum. ( The visible light range between 400nm and 800nm ) The electromagnetic spectrum describes light as a wave which has a particular wavelength.

c 1.24 um v hv (ev)
C = ( cm/s ) v = ( Hz ) hv = ( ev ) = 1.24/
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The sun as an energy source


The sun supplies energy in the form of radiation, without which life on Earth could not exist. The energy is generated in the suns core through the fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium. Part of the mass of the hydrogen is converted into energy.
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The sun as an energy source


The sun is an enormous nuclear fusion reactor. A tiny proportion of the suns radiation reaches the Earth's surface. This works out at an amount of energy of 1 x 1018 kWh/annual.
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The sun as an energy source


The amount of energy in the sunlight reaching the Earths surface is equivalent to around 10,000 times the worlds energy requirements. Consequently, only 1 of the energy in sunlight would need to be harnessed to cover mankinds total energy needs.
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Distribution of solar radiation


The distance between the sun and the Earth. In the course of a year this varies between 1.47 x 108 km and 1.52 x 108 km. The irradiance EQ fluctuates between 1325 W/m2 and 1412 W/m2.
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Distribution of solar radiation


The average value is referred to as the solar constant. solar constant (EQ ) = 1367 W/m2 This level of irradiance (ray) is not reached on the Earths surface.
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Distribution of solar radiation


The Earths atmosphere reduces the insolation through reflection, absorption (by ozone, water vapour, oxygen and carbon dioxide) and scattering (caused by air molecules, dust particles or pollution)
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Distribution of solar radiation


In good weather at noon, irradiance may reach 1000W/m2 on the Earth's surface. As a result of solar radiation reflecting off passing clouds, insolation can peak at up to 1400W/m2 for short periods.
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Distribution of solar radiation


An average annual global solar radiation The equator is 2300 kWh/m2 per year. Southern Europe is 1700 kWh/m2 per year. Germany is 1040 kWh/m2 per year. Taiwan is 1350 kWh/m2 per year.
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The standard airmass 1.5 spectrum http://pveducation.org/


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The standard airmass 1.5 spectrum


http://www.rfcafe.com/
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http://pveducation.org/

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Properties of Sun Light

Properties of Light ( PVCDROM )

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Worldwide distribution of annual 2 solar irradiance in kWh/m

METEONORM software by Meteotest.

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http://www.nrel.gov/gis/mapsearch/

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http://www.nrel.gov/gis/mapsearch/

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http://www.nrel.gov/gis/mapsearch/

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( 1961-1990 )

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(19611990hr )

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I mVm Pm Pin FillFactor Voc I sc Voc I sc Voc I sc
= = Pm / Pin Pin = GA = =
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1. 2. 3. 4.
Design and functioning of a crystalline silicon solar cell ( V. Quaschning )
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Energy balance of a crystalline solar cell


3 (3 reflection and shading caused by front contacts) 23 (23 ) (23 too low photon energy in long wavelength radiation)
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Energy balance of a crystalline solar cell


32 (32 ) (32 too high photon energy in short wavelength radiation)

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Energy balance of a crystalline solar cell


(recombination losses)8.5 (space charge region) 20

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Energy balance of a crystalline solar cell


(ohmic losses) 0.5 (utilizable electrical energy)13.5

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http://www.nrel.gov/

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