Design and Technology Secondary Four

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STRUCTURES

Learning Objectives (The Syllabus)

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How are we going to learn STRUCTURES?

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Lesson 1
Definition of structure Function of structure Classification of structure Lesson Failure Structural 2 Definition of Loads and Forces Types of loads and forces Function of: Struts, ties, beams, cantilever

How are we going to learn STRUCTURES?

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Lesson 3
Concept of EQUILIBRIUM (Principle of moments) Methods of reinforcing structures (Gussets, ribs, braces, laminating, Honeycomb,

Lesson 1
Definition of Structure Click to edit Master subtitle style Function of Structure Classification of Structures Structural Failure

Design and Technology

Lesson 1 Success Criteria

1.

Success Criteria Definition of structure Function of structure Types of Structure Structural Failure

State the 4 functions of structure and provide examples. Identify the types of structure.
(manmade, shell/ manmade frame/ natural, shell/ natural frame)

2.

3.

Understand at least 3 causes of

When you think of Structure, What comes to your mind?

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Definition of Structure
Design and Technology

Success Criteria Definition of structure Function of structure

Anything designed to support a load or forces acting upon it. A structure must be strong enough to support its own weight and Thus structures do load is whatever NOT necessarily refer to buildings.

Types of Structure Structural Failure

Buildings are just ONE of the many forms of structures.

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Structures in Everyday Lives

This foldable chair is a product of IKEA. The joints of the chair must be strong to withstand the weight of a person sitting on it. In addition, the chair must be designed in such a way that the user can sit comfortably on it.

Success Criteria Definition of structure Function of structure Types of Structure Structural Failure
The portable laundry bag must be able to support the weight of the used clothing. It must be collapsible to save storage space.

The structure of the skyscraper must be designed to ensure that it is able to resist wind and support all the loads.

The foundations of the building are set deep into the ground to prevent the building from toppling.

Function of Structure
Design and Technology

Success Criteria Definition of structure Function of structure Types of Structure Structural Failure

The four main functions structures are:

Supporting Spanning Containing Protecting

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Function of Structure: Supporting its Structures are able to support either

own weight or other loads

Success Criteria Definition of structure Function of structure Types of Structure Structural Failure

example of structure that supports own weight: Bus-stop supports the weight of its shelter example of structure that support other load: car supports the weight of its passengers chair supports weight of the person seating on it

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Function of Structure: Spanning across in What Spanning means: to extend

space

Success Criteria Definition of structure Function of structure Types of Structure Structural Failure

example of structure :

A bridge is a structure that spans across two ends A roof spans across the walls of a building.

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Function of Structure: Containing

Structures are able to contain things example of structure :
Boxes, bottles, product/food packaging are used to contain things for storage or transportation purposes.
packaging and products are folded or blister packed to produce containers

Success Criteria Definition of structure Function of structure Types of Structure Structural Failure

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Function of Structure: Protecting

Structures are able to protect example of structure :
Safety helmet is used to protect the head of the user, egg carton reduces the risk of breaking the eggs during transportation

Success Criteria Definition of structure Function of structure Types of Structure Structural Failure

corrugation in cardboard boxes protects the products during distribution

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Function of Structure: Summary

Function Supporting Examples Supporting own weight: bus-stop Supporting other loads: crane, car, chair Bridge, roof Bottles, product/food packaging Safety helmet, egg carton

Success Criteria Definition of structure Function of structure Types of Structure Structural Failure

Spanning Containing Protecting

Types of Structure
Design and Technology

Success Criteria Definition of structure

A structure can be classified as

Natural, frame Natural, shell Man-made, frame Man-made, shell

Function of structure
Structural Failure Types of

Structure Structural Failure

Design and Technology

Success Criteria Definition of structure Function of structure

Structural Failure Types of

natural, shell
natural, frame

Structure Structural Failure

man-made, shell
man-made, frame

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Success Criteria Definition of structure Function of structure Types of Structure Structural Failure

Frame structure consists of strips of material together to form a framework

What is a Frame Structure?

Design and Technology

Success Criteria Definition of structure Function of structure Types of Structure Structural Failure

Shell structure Consists of a skin to provide strength and rigidity

What is a Shell Structure?

Classifying Structures
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Success Criteria Definition of structure Function of structure Types of Structure Structural Failure

Structure Type Function Natural, Supports leaves Tree to reach sunlight branches Frame Natural, Shell
Honeycomb Contains honey, Protects larvae

Pylon

Man made, Supports electric cables Frame

Classifying Structures
Design and Technology

Structure Type

Function
Supports the animal

Success Criteria Definition of structure Function of structure Types of Structure Structural Failure

Natural, Frame
Skeleton

Natural, Frame
Spider web

Supports insects caught, Spans surroundings of the spider for easy movement

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Classifying Structures: Examples

Example Type Function Tree Frame; natural Supports leaves to reach sunlight Contains honey, Protects larvae Supports insects caught, Spans surroundings of the spider for easy movement Supports the animal Supports and Protects the animal Honeycomb Shell; natural Spider web Frame; natural

Success Criteria Definition of structure Function of structure Types of Structure Structural Failure

Animal skeleton Crab skeleton Bridge Crane Pylon Roof Furniture

Frame; natural Shell; natural

Frame; man-made Spans a gap between two locations Frame; man-made Supports cargo Frame; man-made Supports electric cables Frame or shell; man-made Frame or shell, man-made Spans the top opening of a building Protects occupants of building Supports person sitting or things placed on it

Structural Failure
Design and Technology

Success Criteria Definition of structure Function of structure Types of Structure Structural Failure

What is the cause?

Structural Failure
Design and Technology

Success Criteria Definition of structure Function of structure Types of Structure Structural Failure

Structural failure may result from one or more of several causes due to:

poor selection and wrong use of materials; a lack of understanding of the forces involved in the design; failure of a joint; fatigue resulting from changes in the properties of a material over a period of time; excessive loads; and incomplete knowledge of conditions a structure is likely to face.

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Structural Failure Real Life Example (optional) more Click on the following link to read up
about real cases of structural failure:
Poor Construction Reason Schools Collapsed in China Quake:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ndZU2Q3I_o8 http://www.wsws.org/articles/2008/oct2008/chin-o16.shtml

Success Criteria

Definition of structure

Functionof structure Types of Structure

Structural Failure