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Introduction

Nanostructure
Preparation of nano fluids Scientific Analysis of Al2O3 based nanofluids Application of nanofluids Advantages Disadvantages Conclusion
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 Heat transfer in cooling processes can be found in many industrial areas. The conventional methods to increase cooling rates: 1- Extended surfaces such as fins 2- Increasing flow rates These conventional methods have their own limitations: 1- Fins: undesirable increase in the size of thermal management system 2- Increasing flow rates: increases pumping power There is an immediate need for new and innovative concepts to achieve ultra high performance cooling.

Nanofluids are promising to meet and enhance the challenges.

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Nano fluids are a relatively new class of fluids which consist of a base fluid with nano -sized particles (1100 nm) suspended within them.

The thermal conductivities of particle material is higher as compared to base fluids.

A nano fluid is the suspension of nano particles in

a base fluid.
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NANO FLUIDS:
Nano fluids have a potential to reduce such problems Nanofluids, a name conceived by Dr. Choi, in Argonne National Laboratory, to describe a fluid consisting of solid nanoparticles with size less than 100 nm suspended on it with solid volume fractions typically less than 4%.

Fig 1. magnified view

MATERIALS FOR NANOPARTICLES AND BASE FLUIDS:

Materials for nanoparticles and base fluids are diverse: 1. Nanoparticle materials include:

Oxide ceramics Al2O3, CuO Metal carbides SiC Nitrides AlN, SiN Metals Al, Cu Nonmetals Graphite, carbon nanotubes Layered Al + Al2O3, Cu + C PCM Water Ethylene- or tri-ethylene-glycols Oil and other lubricants Bio-fluids Polymer solutions Other common fluids

2. Base fluids include:

WHY USE NANOPARTICLES???

Nanoparticles Better dispersion behavior Less clogging and abrasion Much larger surface area-to
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 Nano fluid can be produced by two techniques: two-step

technique and the single-step technique.

Two-step

technique: The two step method starts with producing nanoparticle by one of the physical or chemical processes (e.g., evaporation and inert-gas condensation processing), and proceeds to disperse them into a base fluid; most of the nanofluids are produced by two step method. technique: The single step simultaneously makes and disperses the nanoparticles directly into a base fluid; best for metallic nanofluids.

Single-step

Liquid molecules close to a solid surface

are known to form layered structures.

With

these solid like liquid layers, the structure consists of solid

nanofluid

nanoparticles, solid-like liquid layer, and a bulk liquid.

The solid-like nano layer acts as a thermal

bridge between a solid nanoparticle and a
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bulk liquid and so is key to enhancing thermal

conductivity.

TRANSIENT HOT WIRE METHOD

Transient hot-wire setup. Hot-wire transition Time 2-8 sec No convection Heat applied suddenly Platinum wire(1.06*10-7m) k={q/[4(T2-T1)]}*ln (t2/t1) where k- thermal conductivity ,T-temperature ,t -time

Transient hot-wire apparatus. S.K.Das et al [1]

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SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS OF AL2O3 NANO FLUIDS

Before suggesting a theoretical model for thermal conductivity lets first look at the parameters that affect the thermal conductivity of nanofluids from experiments. According to the report of Argonne National Laboratory, eight parameters affect the thermal conductivity of nanofluids, they got these results from about 124 researchers experiments. These effects are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Particle Volume concentration Particle Material Particle Size Particle shape Base fluid material Temperature Additive Acidity
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EFFECT OF PARTICLE VOLUME CONCENTRATION:

From the experimental results the general trend is clear thermal conductivity enhancement with increase in particle volume concentration(Al2O3 in water)

Veeranna and Lakshmi[2]

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EFFECT ON BASE FLUID:

The results show increased thermal conductivity enhancement for poorer (lower thermal conductivity) heat transfer fluid. The results show the least enhancement for water, which is the best heat transfer fluid with the highest thermal conductivity of the fluids compared.

Veeranna and Lakshmi[2]

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EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE:

Experiments show increased thermal conductivity enhancement with increased temperature. (Al2O3 in water)

Veeranna and Lakshmi[2]

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Experimental Studies on Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids

Investigator
Eastman et al (1997) Lee et al (1999)

Particles
Al2O3/CuO/Cu

Size (nm)
33/36/

Fluids
water,oil

Observations
60% improvement for 5 vol% CuO particles in water. Improvement for 4 vol% Cuo/EG mixture. 2-4 fold increase over range of 21oC to 52oC. 18% increase for 0.55 vol% Fe/EG nanofluids. Enhancement with volume fraction and temperature 12.4% for EG at 1 vol%, 30% for EO at 2 vol%.

Al2O3/CuO

24.4,38.4/18.6,23. 6 38.4/28.6

water,EG 20%

Das et al (2003)

Al2O3/CuO

water

Hong et al (2005) Li and Peterson (2006) Liu et al (2005)

Fe

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EG

Al2O3/CuO

36/29

water

CNTs

20-30 m

EG,EO

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Xiang-Qi Wang and Arun S. Mujumdar[4]

 Industrial cooling applications Electronic cooling Defense and space Bio medical applications

Transformer cooling
Nuclear reactor cooling

Heat exchanger
Radiator
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ADVANTAGES:
Improved Heat Transfer and Stability Reduced Pumping Power Minimal Clogging Miniaturized Systems Cost and Energy Savings

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DISADVANTAGES:
1. Processing cost 2. Use of surfactants for stability which results in lowering of conductivity due to the formation of a thermal boundary layer around the particles

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Based on literatures, it has been found that the improved thermal conductivities of nanofluids are the one of the driving factors for improved performance in different applications. It was found that thermal conductivity of nanofluids with MWCNT can be increased up to 150%[5]. It has been observed that nanofluids can be considered as a potential candidate for many applications. Nanofluids stability and its production cost are major factors that hinder the commercialization of nanofluids. By solving these challenges, it is expected that nanofluids can make substantial impact as coolant in heat exchanging devices.

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REFERENCES
1] S. K. Das, S. U. S. Choi, W. Yu, and T. Pradeep, Nanofluids Science and Technology, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2008. 2] Veeranna Sridhara and Lakshmi Narayan Satapathy Al2O3based nanofluids: a review, Journal of Nanoparticle Research, vol. 29, no.5, pp.432460, 2008. 3] J. Koo and C. Kleinstreuer, A new thermal conductivity model for nanofluids, Journal of Nanoparticle Research, vol.6, no.6, pp.577588, 2004. [4] Xiang-Qi Wang, Arun S. Mujumdar, Heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids: a review, International Journal of thermal science, vol. 46, no.1, pp.1-19, 2007 5] Y. Xuan and Q. Li, Heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids, International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 5864, 2000.

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