Sound & Hearing

Production of Sound
1.Sound is a form of energy (bunyi ialah satu bentuk tenaga) 2.Sound is produced from vibrations (bunyi dihasilkan daripada getaran)

 3.Perubahan tenaga yang berlaku semasa penghasilan bunyi: kinetic energy sound energy
Tenaga kinetik tenaga bunyi

Transmission of sound (pemindahan bunyi)

The transmission of sound requires a medium (pemindahan bunyi perlukan medium) Sound can travel through solid, liquid and gas (bunyi boleh bergerak melalui pepejal, cecair & gas)

 Sound travels fastest through solid and slowest through gas. This is due to the compact arrangement of the particles in solid which transmit the vibrations effectively (bunyi bergerak dengan cepat melalui pepejal dan bergerak perlahan melalui gas) Sound cannot travel through the vacuum (bunyi tidak dapat bergerak melalui vakuum)

Reflection and absorption of sound Sound can be reflected or absorbed when it hits a surface Hard and smooth surfaces are like concrete and stone walls can reflect sound effectively Soft and porous material like cloth and cotton are weak reflectors of sound but are good absorbers of sound

 The reflection of sound causes echo to be formed in caves, tunnels or closed halls. Echoes are sounds that are reflected from a surface Practical applications of the reflection of sound include: a.determining the depth of the sea by ships b.determining the presence of fish (by fishermen) and the presence of enemys ship by a submarine (warfare)

c.Determining distances by bats and dolphins to help in their movements 6. Applications of the absorption of sound include: a. Walls of halls and big buildings like theatres have soft boards and curtains to absorb sound and thus reduce echo (reflection of sound) b. cushion and soft padding in cars absorb noise from the engine

 The most common hearing defect is deafness Deafness is a hearing defect that is caused by damage to some part of the ear, for instance: a. tearing of the eardrum b. damage to the ossicles c. damage to the auditory nerve d. damage to the cochlea e. damage to the hearing centre of the brain

Hearing defects

 In some cases, the hearing defects can be corrected through surgery or by using hearing aids. Damaged ossicles can be replaced and torn eardrums can be patched Some cases of hearing defects cannot be cured, e.g damage to the auditory nerve, cochlea or hearing centre of the brain

Limitations of the sense of hearing

The hearing of humans has its limits Very low frequency or very high frequency sounds cannot be heard by humans

Hearing Aids
The following are a few instruments that can amplify weak sounds: a. stethoscope -amplifies the heartbeat

b. Microphone & loudspeaker

c.Hearing aid
Used by people with hearing defects

Stereophonic hearing
Stereophonic hearing is the hearing using both ears Stereophonic hearing enables us to determine the direction of the sound accurately The direction of the sound is difficult to determine if only one year is used for hearing

 Human ear can hear sound at certain range of frequencies between 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz

Audible frequency range (Hz) Snake 100-800 Frog 50-10 000 Grasshoppe 100-15 000 r Dog 60-50 000 Cat 50-60 000 bat 1000-130 000

Animal

 Monocular longsightedness concave lens blind-spot short-sightedness stereoscopic optical illusion convex lens Cylindrical lens astigmatism

True/ False

1.Sound is produced by vibrations.

2.

Sound can travel through solid, liquid and gas.

3. A

soft surface is a poor reflector of sound.

4. When

an object vibrates, only heat is produced.

5. A

hard surface is a good absorber of sound.

6. The

reflection of sound produces echo in a tunnel.

1.Stereophonic hearing is the hearing using

2.A doctor uses . To listen to a patients heartbeat

3.

A bat has a range of frequency for hearing compared to humans.

4.

A ( hearing aid, microscope) increases our capability to hear weak sounds.

5.

Hearing with one ear makes it difficult to determine the (strength, direction) of the sound.